{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T16:48:23Z","timestamp":1788194903643,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background &amp; objectives:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global cause of ill health. Sputum microscopy for confirmation of presumptive pulmonary TB (PTB) has a reportedly low sensitivity of 22-43 per cent for single smear and up to 60 per cent under optimal conditions. National TB Elimination Programme in India recommends the use of cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) and culture for microbiological confirmation in presumptive PTB individuals with sputum smear negative test. The use of lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan (LF-LAM) is usually recommended for the diagnosis of TB in HIV-positive individuals with low CD4 counts or those who are seriously ill. The objective of this study was to detect urinary LAM using cage nanotechnology that does not require a physiologic or immunologic consequence of HIV infection for LAM quantification in human urine in 50 HIV-seronegative sputum smear-negative PTB individuals.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To study the diagnostic value of urinary LAM in sputum smear negative PTB individuals, a cage based nanotechnology ELISA technique was used for urinary LAM in three different groups of participants. Fifty smears negative PTB clinically diagnosed, 15 smear positive PTB and 15 post TB sequel individuals. Sputum was tested by smear, CBNAAT, and culture along with urine LAM before treatment. The results were interpreted by ROC curve in comparison to the standard tests like CBNAAT and culture.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The mean urinary LAM value was 0.84 ng\/ml in 37 culture-positive [<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M.tb<\/jats:italic>)] and 0.49 ng\/ml in 13 culture-negative (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M.tb<\/jats:italic>) smear-negative individuals with PTB, respectively. In 47 smear-negative PTB cases with microbiologically confirmed TB by CBNAAT, the mean urinary LAM was 0.76 ng\/ml. The mean urinary LAM in post-TB sequel individuals was 0.47 ng\/ml. As per the receiver operating characteristic curve, cut-off value of urinary LAM in individuals with smear-negative PTB microbiologically confirmed by: (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">i<\/jats:italic>) CBNAAT was 0.695 ng\/ml and (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ii<\/jats:italic>) culture was 0.615 ng\/ml.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Interpretation &amp; conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The findings of this study suggest that individuals with smear-negative PTB and a urinary LAM value of &gt;0.615 ng\/ml were most likely to have microbiological confirmed TB while those with a LAM value &lt;0.615 ng\/ml &gt;0.478 ng\/ml are less likely and those with a value &lt;0.478 ng\/ml are unlikely to have microbiological confirmed TB.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_2074_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T09:32:19Z","timestamp":1712655139000},"page":"206-212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Urinary lipoarabinomannan in individuals with sputum-negative pulmonary tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Ajantha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of TB and Chest, National Institute of Tuberculosis & Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man Mohan","family":"Puri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of TB and Chest, National Institute of Tuberculosis & Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devika","family":"Tayal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio-chemistry, National Institute of Tuberculosis & Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis & Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20241212","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2020"},{"key":"R2-20241212","year":"2016","journal-title":"Government of India. 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HIV and advanced immunodeficiency:Evidence and implications","volume":"110","author":"Lawn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0123323","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123323","article-title":"Is urinary lipoarabinomannan the result of renal tuberculosis?Assessment of the renal histology in an autopsy cohort of Ugandan HIV-infected adults","volume":"10","author":"Cox","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R11-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0144088","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144088","article-title":"Estimation of D-arabinose by gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry as surrogate for mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan in human urine","volume":"10","author":"De","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R12-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaal2807","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal2807","article-title":"Urine lipoarabinomannan glycan in HIV-negative patients with pulmonary tuberculosis correlates with disease severity","volume":"9","author":"Paris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"R13-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-103","article-title":"Point-of-care detection of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in urine for diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis:a state of the art review","volume":"12","author":"Lawn","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.08.005","article-title":"Dectin-2 is a direct receptor for mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan of mycobacteria","volume":"41","author":"Yonekawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"R15-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006833","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006833","article-title":"Urine lipoarabinomannan to monitor antituberculosis therapy response and predict mortality in an HIV-endemic region:A prospective cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Drain","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R16-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1151-1","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the rapid urine lipoarabinomannan test for pulmonary tuberculosis among HIV-infected adults in Ghana-findings from the DETECT HIV-TB study","volume":"15","author":"Bjerrum","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R17-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0123457","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123457","article-title":"A sensitive urinary lipoarabinomannan test for tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Hamasur","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R18-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15664","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015664","article-title":"Comparison of a clinical prediction rule and a LAM antigen-detection assay for the rapid diagnosis of TBM in a high 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therapy diagnostic yield and association with immune reconstitution disease","volume":"23","author":"Lawn","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R22-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103285","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103285","article-title":"Prognostic value of a quantitative analysis of lipoarabinomannan in urine from patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis","volume":"9","author":"Kerkhoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R23-20241212","journal-title":"Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay (LF-LAM) for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis in people living with HIV, 2019 update"},{"key":"R24-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000264","article-title":"Comparative performance of urinary lipoarabinomannan assays and Xpert MTB\/RIF in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"28","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R25-20241212","first-page":"C32","article-title":"The diagnostic value of urine lipoarabinomannan (LAM) antigen in childhood tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Iskandar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"R26-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir898","article-title":"ANRS 12222 Morbidity\/Mortality Study Group. 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