{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T04:22:38Z","timestamp":1751516558133,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"\n Background & objectives:<\/jats:title>\n As CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte numbers decline, the conventional, localized forms of tuberculosis shift to the atypical, disseminated forms. Variations in lymphocyte and immune cell expression levels affect how tuberculosis manifests in disseminated forms. Understanding the relationship between lymphocyte counts (CD4+ and CD8+) and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-12 and interferon, we may therefore be able to shed light on how infections spread and suggest potential biomarkers for these immune factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n In this study, 15 guinea pigs were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb)<\/jats:italic> H37Rv strain and grouped into three groups of five each for further investigation. Serum samples and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were examined for the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and T-cell subsets in guinea pigs infected with pulmonary tuberculosis and disseminated tuberculosis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n We found that M.tb<\/jats:italic> escapes macrophages due to pro-inflammatory cytokine dysregulation. Despite the protective immunity created by T-cells and cytokines, M.tb<\/jats:italic> bacilli may spread to other organs due to inflammation induced by these immune components. A high number of T-cells and stimulated cytokine production are involved in triggering inflammation after necrotic tissue develops and tuberculosis spreads.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Our findings imply that increased bacilli in the spleen at the 8th<\/jats:sup> wk of infection may be caused by the overexpression of CD4+ T-cell lymphocyte subsets and cytokines that generated inflammation during the 4th<\/jats:sup> wk of infection. This is a pilot study with a small sample size and less assertive inference. Larger studies would be helpful to validate the results of the present investigation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_2143_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T03:47:03Z","timestamp":1690948023000},"page":"40-46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bacterial dissemination in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by CD+ T-cells & proinflammatory cytokines"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"Kusuma Sai","family":"Davuluri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India"},{"name":"Department Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shoor Vir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.S.","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"R3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0306-5","article-title":"A guide to cancer immunotherapy: From T cell basic science to clinical practice","volume":"20","author":"Waldman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"R4-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii54","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.suppl_2.ii54","article-title":"Protection against tuberculosis: Cytokines, T cells, and macrophages","volume":"61","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R5-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.8.2879","article-title":"The role of T lymphocytes in inflammation","volume":"91","author":"Ross","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R6-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0018-2016","article-title":"Cytokines and chemokines in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","author":"Domingo-Gonzalez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"R7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2016.1185603","article-title":"T-cell exhaustion in tuberculosis: Pitfalls and prospects","volume":"43","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"R8-20241212","first-page":"103318","article-title":"Profile and histopathology features of top three cases of Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) in West Nusa Tenggara: A retrospective cross-sectional study","volume":"75","author":"Djannah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"key":"R9-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2015.78.2.47","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of extrapulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"78","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul)"},{"key":"R10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a017855","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017855","article-title":"Tuberculosis in children","volume":"4","author":"Marais","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"R11-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(05)70358-0","article-title":"Unique aspects of tuberculosis in the pediatric population","volume":"18","author":"Correa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"R12-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-015-0490-8","article-title":"CD8 T cells and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"37","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"R13-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5407","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.9.5407","article-title":"Mice deficient in CD4 T cells have only transiently diminished levels of IFN-gamma, yet succumb to tuberculosis","volume":"162","author":"Caruso","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008632","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008632","article-title":"Lymph nodes-the neglected battlefield in tuberculosis","volume":"16","author":"Ganchua","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"R15-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2000.0721","article-title":"Tuberculosis-associated severe CD4+T-lymphocytopenia in HIV-seronegative patients from Dakar. 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