{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T23:40:03Z","timestamp":1751499603844,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background &amp; objectives:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The oropharyngeal (OP) and nasopharyngeal (NP) swab samples are the most recommended clinical specimens for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in an individual through the quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) method. The primary objective of this study was to compare the performance of NP and OP swabs for the diagnosis of COVID-19 among 2250 concomitant samples (1125 NP + 1125 OP) using rRT-PCR test.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in southern India. The study compared the specificity and efficacy of the two samples (NP &amp; OP swabs) in 1125 individuals suspected having COVID-19 infection. The rRT-PCR values from all the samples were compared based on gender, age group and viral load. The differences between unmatched proportion and matched proportion were analysed. Agreement between the two methods was assessed using Kappa statistic. Absolute sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) for OP and NP swabs were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study identified a fair degree of agreement between OP and NP swabs in diagnosis of COVID-19 (kappa = 0.275, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001). There was also a fair degree of agreement between NP and OP swabs irrespective of gender, age or duration of symptoms. NP swabs had better sensitivity and NPV as compared to OP swabs, however, specificity and PPV were 100 per cent for both.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Interpretation &amp; conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The present study showed that both OP and NP swabs had similar sensitivity and specificity for predicting the presence of SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_2275_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T05:54:42Z","timestamp":1670824482000},"page":"478-483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Performance &amp; clinical utility of oropharyngeal versus nasopharyngeal swabs in COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"Suma","family":"Radhakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Government Medical College, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. Muhammed","family":"Afsal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Government Medical College, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. M.","family":"Anitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Government Medical College, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hafees Abdullah","family":"Perumbally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Government Medical College, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. K.","family":"Ajitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niyas Kudukkil","family":"Pulloor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Government Medical College, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. P. Rafeeq","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. V.","family":"Ajayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Government Medical College, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anas Mohammed","family":"Kanyadath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anvar Sadath","family":"Verkoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chinchu","family":"Sukumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Government Medical College, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hafeefa Abdul","family":"Nazeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Government Medical College, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Sherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Government Medical College, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Navya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Government Medical College, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. K.","family":"Nishitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Government Medical College, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V. T.","family":"Sabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shakeeber","family":"Kottayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. K.","family":"Suchina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Government Medical College, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. K.","family":"Thashreefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Government Medical College, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. Abdul","family":"Vaheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fathima","family":"Kulooth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Government Medical College, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V. S. Suvanish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Accubits Invent, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Praseeda","family":"Chandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Manjeri, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Thekkedath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Surgical Innovation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandni","family":"Radhakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00297","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00297-20","article-title":"Negative nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs do not rule out COVID-19","volume":"58","author":"Winichakoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R4-20241212","article-title":"Optimizing diagnostic strategy for novel coronavirus pneumonia, a multi-center study in Eastern China","author":"Ai","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"R6-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2001737","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients","volume":"382","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"journal-title":"World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in suspected human cases: Interim guidance, 2 March, 2020","year":"2020","key":"R10-20241212"},{"key":"R12-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104442","article-title":"A combined oropharyngeal\/nares swab is a suitable alternative to nasopharyngeal swabs for the detection of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"128","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"R13-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa379","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa379","article-title":"The yield and consistency of the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in multiple respiratory specimens","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"R14-20241212","first-page":"e16785","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab based rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection and real-time RT-PCR for diagnosis of COVID-19 in tertiary care hospital","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R15-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.ijdr_483_21","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the naso\/oropharyngeal swab and oral bio-fluid (whole saliva) samples for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 using RT-qPCR","volume":"32","author":"Girish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"R16-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.023","article-title":"Comparison of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 detection in 353 patients received tests with both specimens simultaneously","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R17-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00334","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal swabs are more sensitive than oropharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 diagnosis and monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 load","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"R18-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa759","article-title":"Performance of oropharyngeal swab testing compared with nasopharyngeal swab testing for diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019-United States, January 2020-February 2020","volume":"72","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R19-20241212","first-page":"861","article-title":"Clinical and virological characteristics of the first 12 patients with corona virus disease 2019 [COVID-19] in the United States","volume":"2","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R20-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e142","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection:A preliminary report of the first 28 patients from the Korean cohort study on COVID-19","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"R21-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04039-8","article-title":"Sensitivity of nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and nasal wash specimens for SARS-CoV-2 detection in the setting of sampling device shortage","volume":"40","author":"Calame","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R22-20241212","first-page":"A01210087","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 in saliva, oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal specimens","volume":"68","author":"Todsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dan Med J"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_2275_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T23:05:28Z","timestamp":1751497528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/performance-clinical-utility-of-oropharyngeal-versus-nasopharyngeal-swabs-in-covid-19\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_2275_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916","0975-9174"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0971-5916"},{"type":"electronic","value":"0975-9174"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-07-20","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}