{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T02:50:34Z","timestamp":1794106234958,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"3&4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"\n Background & objectives:<\/jats:title>\n Infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococci<\/jats:italic> are difficult to treat given the limited therapeutic alternatives. Different gene clusters are known to confer vancomycin resistance. vanA<\/jats:italic> and vanB<\/jats:italic> genes are transferable and are clinically relevant. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the vancomycin-resistant genotypes in the strains causing urinary tract infection and also to test the in vitro<\/jats:italic> efficacy of linezolid and pristinamycin against the vancomycin-resistant isolates.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Antimicrobial resistance profile of 118 enterococcal isolates was evaluated. Minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin, teicoplanin and high-level gentamicin (HLG) was determined by micro broth dilution. The vancomycin-resistant isolates were tested against linezolid and pristinamycin by micro-broth dilution and E strip method. The presence of vancomycin-resistant genes was detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and was sequenced and analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Most commonly isolated species were Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> (76.9%) and Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic> (16.9%). It was found that 43 per cent of the isolates were resistant to HLG and 16.9 per cent to vancomycin. Higher resistance was seen against fluoroquinolones, erythromycin, tetracycline and \u03b2-lactam drugs. However, 5.08 per cent strains were resistant to tigecycline. All vancomycin-resistant strains were sensitive to pristinamycin and one was resistant to linezolid. vanA<\/jats:italic> and vanB<\/jats:italic> gene were found in 15 and five isolates, respectively. The gene sequences were submitted to NCBI gene bank and accession numbers were obtained.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation &conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The present study showed prevalence of vanA<\/jats:italic> and vanB<\/jats:italic> genes carrying Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> in a tertiary care centre in north India. The emergence of resistance against drugs such as tigecycline and linezolid is a topic of concern as it will be a therapeutic challenge for physicians.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_2554_19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T15:36:22Z","timestamp":1663515382000},"page":"423-431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Genotypic characterization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus causing urinary tract infection in northern India"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Ayan Kumar","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research & Hakeem Abdul Hamid Centenary Hospital, Jamia Hamdard, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mridu","family":"Dudeja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research & Hakeem Abdul Hamid Centenary Hospital, Jamia Hamdard, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Kohli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research & Hakeem Abdul Hamid Centenary Hospital, Jamia Hamdard, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratima","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","reference":[{"key":"B1-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2727.176237","article-title":"Community acquired enterococcal urinary tract infections and antibiotic resistance profile in North India","volume":"8","author":"Goel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Lab Physicians"},{"key":"B2-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.956092","article-title":"Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in enterococci","volume":"12","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"B3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5687","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03349-14","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance mechanisms inform discovery:Identification and characterization of a novel amycolatopsis strain producing ristocetin","volume":"58","author":"Truman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B4-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11831.1","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus infection in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient:An overview of epidemiology, management, and prevention","volume":"7","author":"Benamu","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B5-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.4103\/JLP.JLP_173_18","article-title":"Microbiological profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Gram-positive isolates at a tertiary care hospital","volume":"11","author":"Mamtora","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Lab Physicians"},{"key":"B6-20241212","first-page":"C01","article-title":"Characterization of vancomycin resistant Enterococci in hospitalized patients and role of gut colonization","volume":"11","author":"Purohit","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"B7-20241212","first-page":"549","article-title":"Phenotypic &genotypic characterization of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus isolates from clinical specimens","volume":"138","author":"Praharaj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"B8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.174099","article-title":"Prevalence, outcome and risk factor associated with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium at a tertiary care hospital in Northern India","volume":"34","author":"Tripathi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B9-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4103\/jnsbm.JNSBM_170_18","article-title":"Phenotypic detection and molecular characterization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci","volume":"10","author":"Shete","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nat Sci Biol Med"},{"key":"B10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4103\/1755-6783.95956","article-title":"Characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates of Enterococci at a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai, India","volume":"5","author":"Shinde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"B11-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.182015","article-title":"Detection of vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus species isolated from clinical samples and feces of colonized patients by phenotypic and genotypic methods","volume":"59","author":"Biswas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"B12-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.4103\/JLP.JLP_5_19","article-title":"Study of vancomycin and high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus species and evaluation of a rapid spot test for enterococci from Central Referral Hospital, Sikkim, India","volume":"11","author":"Yangzom","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Lab Physicians"},{"key":"B14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781679","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/781679","article-title":"Glycopeptide resistance in gram-positive cocci:A review","volume":"2012","author":"Sujatha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"key":"B15-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4136","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01547-09","article-title":"Comparison of PCR and culture for screening of vancomycin-resistant enterococci:Highly disparate results for vanA and vanB","volume":"47","author":"Mak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B16-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00211-16","article-title":"Resistance mechanisms, epidemiology, and approaches to screening for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in the health care setting","volume":"54","author":"Faron","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B18-20241212","first-page":"25","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus faecalis at a tertiary care centre of northern India","volume":"118","author":"Mathur","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"B19-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.182627","article-title":"Emergence of vanA gene among vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a tertiary care hospital of North-East India","volume":"143","author":"Phukan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"B20-20241212","first-page":"217","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections:Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and optimal management","volume":"8","author":"O'Driscoll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"B23-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.108721","article-title":"A new approach of real time polymerase chain reaction in detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and its comparison with other methods","volume":"31","author":"Tripathi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B24-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.1.24-27.1995","article-title":"Detection of glycopeptide resistance genotypes and identification to the species level of clinically relevant enterococci by PCR","volume":"33","author":"Dutka-Malen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B25-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5857","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5857-5860.2004","article-title":"Detection of the van alphabet and identification of enterococci and staphylococci at the species level by multiplex PCR","volume":"42","author":"Depardieu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B26-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10123-002-0075-y","article-title":"Low prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in clinical samples from hospitalized patients of the Canary Islands, Spain","volume":"5","author":"P\u00e9rez-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Microbiol"},{"key":"B27-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.5455\/ijmsph.2017.0850530112016","article-title":"Prevalence of multi drug resistant Enterococcus species isolated from urine samples in a tertiary care hospital, Western India","volume":"6","author":"Maradia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci Public Health"},{"key":"B28-20241212","first-page":"9","article-title":"Prevalence of enterococcal infection and the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the organism with special reference to vancomycin:A study in a rural medical college hospital in Eastern India","volume":"18","author":"Raj","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOSR J Dent Med Sci"},{"key":"B29-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmm.2014.41002","article-title":"Prevalence of multidrug resistant enterococci in a tertiary care hospital in India:A growing threat","volume":"4","author":"Gangurde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B30-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2005.101","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of enterococcal blood isolates at a pediatric care hospital in India","volume":"58","author":"Kapoor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B31-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7854968","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7854968","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility pattern and biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Enterococcus spp","volume":"2019","author":"Shridhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"key":"B32-20241212","first-page":"105","article-title":"Vancomycin resistant enterococcal infections in infants and neonates","volume":"20","author":"Ligitha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acad Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B33-20241212","first-page":"C07","article-title":"Linezolid and vancomycin resistant enterococci:A therapeutic problem","volume":"11","author":"Yadav","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"B34-20241212","first-page":"27","article-title":"Vancomycin resistant enterococci:An emerging problem in a tertiary care hospital, Pune, India","volume":"3","author":"Pol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol Trop Dis"},{"key":"B35-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1179\/1973947814Y.0000000192","article-title":"Urinary tract infection caused by Enterococcus isolates:Aetiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"key":"B36-20241212","first-page":"117","article-title":"Emergence of vanA and vanB gene among vancomycin-resistant enterococci in faecal samples from ICU patients","volume":"5","author":"Bera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res"},{"key":"B37-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2015.1001839","article-title":"Therapeutic options for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia","volume":"13","author":"Barber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"B38-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.159309","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of vancomycin resistant enterococci to newer antimicrobial agents","volume":"141","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"B39-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4103\/2349-4220.195937","article-title":"Emergence of linezolid resistance in clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci","volume":"3","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Adv Med Health Res"},{"key":"B40-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2727.163123","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistance enterococcal colonization in hospitalized patients in relation to antibiotic usage in a tertiary care hospital of North India","volume":"7","author":"Banerjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Lab Physicians"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_2554_19","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T23:05:00Z","timestamp":1751497500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/genotypic-characterization-of-vancomycin-resistant-enterococcus-causing-urinary-tract-infection-in-northern-india\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3&4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_2554_19","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916","0975-9174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-5916","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-9174","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-12-09","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}