{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:09:24Z","timestamp":1792091364665,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background & objectives:<\/jats:title>\n Rheumatoid artherits (RA) is a refractory disease and the imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in favor of pro-inflammatory cytokines has been implicated in pathogenesis of RA. In this context, the aim of the present study was to compare the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of candesartan, an angiotensin-receptor blocker, and atorvastatin in RA patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n In this single-blinded parallel randomized placebo controlled study, the patients recruited between December 2017 and May 2018 were categorized into three groups: group 1 included 15 RA patients who served as control group and received traditional therapy (+ placebo); group 2 included 15 RA patients who received traditional therapy + candesartan (8 mg\/day); and group 3 included 15 patients who received traditional therapy + atorvastatin (20 mg\/day) for three months. Clinical status in RA patients was evaluated by Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28), Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) and morning stiffness before and three months after treatment. All groups were subjected to biochemical analysis of C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1beta (IL-1\u03b2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) before and three months after treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Both candesartan and atorvastatin treated groups showed significant decrease in serum levels IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1, acute-phase reactants (CRP and ESR), number of swollen joint and patient global assessment. This was also associated with improvement in disease activity and quality of life regarding DAS28 and HAQ-DI as compared to baseline data and the control group. Atorvastatin group showed significant decrease in the serum level of oxidative stress marker (MDA).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Both candesartan and atorvastatin showed anti-inflammatory effect and immunomodulatory effects leading to improvement in clinical status and disease activity in RA patients. However, atorvastatin was superior to candesartan through its anti-oxidant effect.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_640_19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,27]],"date-time":"2020-12-27T19:35:19Z","timestamp":1609097719000},"page":"393-400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A comparative study on the anti-inflammatory effect of angiotensin-receptor blockers & statins on rheumatoid arthritis disease activity"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Tarek Mohamed","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar Kamal","family":"Hegazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emad 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