{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T10:34:38Z","timestamp":1773484478087,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"Suppl 1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"\n Background & objectives:<\/jats:title>\n Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>, the causative agent of gonorrhoea, is a subject of worldwide attention. The present study was undertaken to examine the rates of ciprofloxacin resistance, to correlate mutations in gyrA<\/jats:italic> and parC<\/jats:italic> genes with the level of resistance and to look for a variation in mutation pattern, if any, in isolates from across the country.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A total of 113 isolates of N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> collected from sexually transmitted infection patients in six centres during November 2010 to October 2013 were investigated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination was done by E<\/jats:italic>-test and results interpreted as per Calibrated Dichotomous Sensitivity criteria. DNA sequence analysis of gyrA<\/jats:italic> and parC<\/jats:italic> genes was done.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Of the 113 isolates, only three (2.6%) were susceptible whereas eight (7.07%) were less susceptible, 32 [28.3%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 20.4-37.6%] resistant (MIC 1-3 \u00b5g\/ml) and 70 (61.9%, 95% CI: 52.2-70.7%) exhibited high-level resistance (HLR) (MIC \u22654 \u00b5g\/ml) to ciprofloxacin. A S91F substitution in gyrA<\/jats:italic> gene was demonstrated in all ciprofloxacin non-susceptible isolates. All resistant and HLR isolates had a double mutation in gyrA<\/jats:italic> gene. However, only 5.7 per cent of HLR isolates showed double mutations in parC<\/jats:italic> gene. One isolate (MIC 32 \u00b5g\/ml) had a previously undescribed G85D substitution in the parC<\/jats:italic> gene.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n A S91F substitution in gyrA<\/jats:italic> gene was seen in all non-susceptible isolates of N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>. It may be used as a marker for ciprofloxacin resistance for molecular surveillance approaches to complement the culture-based methods.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_730_15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]],"date-time":"2017-12-22T05:53:27Z","timestamp":1513922007000},"page":"S64-S69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring quinolone resistance-determining region in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from across India"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Seema","family":"Sood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madhav","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manju","family":"Bala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arti","family":"Kapil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vishnubhatla","family":"Sreenivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.J.","family":"Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hemanta Kumar","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vinod Kumar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","reference":[{"key":"R1-10-20241212","first-page":"90","article-title":"High prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in Japan","volume":"70","author":"Tanaka","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"R2-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46401-0","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Jiangsu Province, China, with a focus on fluoroquinolone resistance","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R3-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200306000-00010","article-title":"Alarming increase in ciprofloxacin- and penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in New Delhi, India","volume":"30","author":"Bala","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R5-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199609000-00014","article-title":"Quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Sydney, Australia 1991 to 1995","volume":"23","author":"Tapsall","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R7-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-006-0134-y","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from the Stuttgart and Heidelberg areas of southern Germany","volume":"25","author":"Enders","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R9-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb01297.x","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae acquires mutations in analogous regions of gyrA and parC in fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates","volume":"14","author":"Belland","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"R10-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.78.6.440","article-title":"Mutation patterns in gyrA and parC genes of ciprofloxacin resistant isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from India","volume":"78","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"R14-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4211","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00385-09","article-title":"Simple, rapid, and inexpensive detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistance mechanisms using heat-denatured isolates and SYBR green-based real-time PCR","volume":"53","author":"Kugelman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R15-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.2.521-525.2000","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and high prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates in Japan 1993 to 1998","volume":"38","author":"Tanaka","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R16-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89458","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089458","article-title":"Behavioral and socioeconomic risk factors associated with probable resistance to ceftriaxone and resistance to penicillin and tetracycline in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Shanghai","volume":"9","author":"Trecker","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R17-10-20241212","first-page":"63","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in South-East Asia","volume":"15","author":"Bala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Regional Health Forum"},{"key":"R18-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-35","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from India, Pakistan and Bhutan in 2007-2011","volume":"13","author":"Sethi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R19-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S263","DOI":"10.1086\/430787","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"41","author":"Tapsall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R20-10-20241212","first-page":"281","article-title":"Rationalizing antibiotic use to limit antibiotic resistance in India","volume":"134","author":"Ganguly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R21-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4208","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01175-11","article-title":"Molecular characterization of quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Brazil","volume":"49","author":"Uehara","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R22-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh145","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Russia: Molecular mechanism implicated","volume":"53","author":"Vereshchagin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R23-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.02.026","article-title":"Determination of Neisseria gonorrhoeae susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in clinical specimens from men using a real-time PCR assay","volume":"42","author":"Magooa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"R24-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.1.117-123.2001","article-title":"Molecular basis of high-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Denmark from 1995 to 1998","volume":"45","author":"Su","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R25-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.08.007","article-title":"Mutations in the gyrA and parC genes of quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in India","volume":"40","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"R26-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.8.2103","article-title":"Identification of novel mutation patterns in the parC gene of ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"42","author":"Trees","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R27-10-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1086\/386312","article-title":"Quinolone resistance-determining region mutations and por type of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates: Resistance surveillance and typing by molecular methodologies","volume":"189","author":"Giles","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/02223309-201746001-00010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T22:59:45Z","timestamp":1751497185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/exploring-quinolone-resistance-determining-region-in-neisseria-gonorrhoeae-isolates-from-across-india\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_730_15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-5916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}}}