{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:53:17Z","timestamp":1792291997195,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"\n Background & objectives:<\/jats:title>\n The temporal trends in the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhi and Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Paratyphi in India have not been systematically reported. We aimed to systematically review the temporal AMR trends (phenotypic and molecular mechanisms) in bacterial isolates from patients with enteric fever over two decades in India.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n To identify trends in AMR in India, resistance patterns among 4611 individual S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi isolates and 800 S.<\/jats:italic> Paratyphi A isolates, reported from 1992 to 2017 in 40 publications, were analysed. Molecular resistance determinants were extracted from 22 publications and also reviewed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Articles were sourced using a predefined search strategy from different databases.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The analyses suggested that multidrug-resistant (MDR) enteric fever was declining in India and being replaced by fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance. Mutations in gyrA<\/jats:italic> and parC<\/jats:italic> were key mechanisms responsible for FQ resistance, whereas MDR was largely driven by resistance determinants encoded on mobile genetic elements (plasmids, transposons).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The results reflect the effect of antimicrobial pressure which has been driving AMR in typhoidal Salmonella<\/jats:italic> in India. Understanding these trends is important in planning future approaches to therapy, which serve as a baseline for assessment of the impact of new typhoid conjugate vaccines against these resistant organisms.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_830_18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T07:30:52Z","timestamp":1559547052000},"page":"151-163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A systematic review of antimicrobial resistance of typhoidal Salmonella in India"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"Carl D.","family":"Britto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valsan P.","family":"Verghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Pollard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","reference":[{"key":"R1-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010401","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.01.010401","article-title":"Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: Systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010","volume":"2","author":"Buckle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"R5-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006779","article-title":"A systematic review of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the etiological agent of typhoid","volume":"12","author":"Britto","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Di"},{"key":"R6-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-4-201302190-00009","article-title":"Assessing bias in studies of prognostic factors","volume":"158","author":"Hayden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R8-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0192575","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192575","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Tadesse","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R9-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.91522","article-title":"Dual Salmonella typhi Typhi infection","volume":"54","author":"Adhikary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"R10-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-1237(07)80005-0","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of enteric fever","volume":"63","author":"Banerjee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"key":"R11-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702007000400011","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi: Molecular analysis of strains with decreased susceptibility and resistant to ciprofloxacin in India from 2001-2003","volume":"11","author":"Capoor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R12-8-20241212","first-page":"800","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica serovars in a tertiary care hospital in southern India","volume":"137","author":"Choudhary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R13-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_16_382","article-title":"Characterisation of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonellae during 2014-2015 from four centres across India: An ICMR antimicrobial resistance surveillance network report","volume":"35","author":"Dahiya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R14-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.4.1662-1663.2005","article-title":"Rollback of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi resistance to chloramphenicol and other antimicrobials in Kolkata, India","volume":"49","author":"Dutta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R15-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702002000600003","article-title":"Sensitivity pattern of Salmonella serotypes in Northern India","volume":"6","author":"Gautam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R16-8-20241212","first-page":"71","article-title":"Trends in the antibiotic resistance patterns of enteric fever isolates - 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