{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:29:14Z","timestamp":1792520954792,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"2&3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"\n Background & objectives:<\/jats:title>\n Chest X-ray (CXR) is an important screening tool for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Accessibility to CXR facilities in difficult-to-reach and underserved populations is a challenge. This can potentially be overcome by deploying digital X-ray machines that are portable. However, these portable X-ray machines need to be validated before their deployment in the field. Here, we compare the image quality of CXR taken by a newly developed handheld X-ray machine with routinely used reference digital X-ray machine through the conduct of a feasibility study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A total of 100 participants with suspected pulmonary TB were recruited from the outpatient departments of a medical college and a community health centre in Agra. Each participant underwent CXR twice, once with each machine. Both sets of de-identified images were independently read by two radiologists, who were blinded to the type of X-ray machine used. The primary outcome was agreement between image qualities produced by these two machines.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The intra-observer (radiologist) agreements regarding the status of the 15 CXR parameters ranged between 74 per cent and 100 per cent, with an unweighted mean of 87.2 per cent (95% confidence interval: 71.5-100). The median Cohen\u2019s kappa values for intra-observer agreement were 0.62 and 0.67 for radiologists 1 and 2, respectively. In addition, on comparison of the overall median score of quality of the image, the handheld machine images had a higher score for image quality.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The current study shows that a handheld X-ray machine, which is easy to use and can potentially be carried to any area, produces X-ray images with quality that is comparable to digital X-ray machines routinely used in health facilities.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_845_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T01:56:14Z","timestamp":1682646974000},"page":"204-210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A comparison of the quality of images of chest X-ray between handheld portable digital X-ray & routinely used digital X-ray machine"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"Raj","family":"Kamal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Division, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjula","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of TB, Leprosy & TH (ECD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudipto","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Studies and Trials Unit, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tulsi","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil Kumar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, F. H. Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hari","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, S. N. Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishnu Vardhan","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samiran","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. A. S. Paintal Distinguished Scientist Chair, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Jalma Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balram","family":"Bhargava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardio-Thoracic Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R3-20241212","first-page":"e12267","article-title":"Guidelines of the minimum sample size requirements for Cohen's Kappa","volume":"14","author":"Bujang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Biostat Public Health"},{"key":"R4-20241212","first-page":"1123","article-title":"Intra-observer and overall agreement in the radiological assessment of tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Zellweger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"R5-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00136609","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of digital chest radiography for pulmonary tuberculosis in a UK urban population","volume":"35","author":"Abubakar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"R6-20241212","first-page":"137","article-title":"Chest radiograph abnormalities associated with tuberculosis:Reproducibility and yield of active cases","volume":"6","author":"Graham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"R7-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140100","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of chest radiography for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and its role in the detection of latent TB infection:A systematic review","volume":"91","author":"Piccazzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Rheumatol Suppl"},{"key":"R8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M3215","article-title":"The impact of mobile handheld technology on hospital physicians'work practices and patient care:A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Prgomet","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"R9-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140343","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20140343","article-title":"Justification and good practice in using handheld portable dental X-ray equipment:A position paper prepared by the European Academy of DentoMaxilloFacial Radiology (EADMFR)","volume":"44","author":"Berkhout","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_845_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T19:06:13Z","timestamp":1751483173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/a-comparison-of-the-quality-of-images-of-chest-x-ray-between-handheld-portable-digital-x-ray-routinely-used-digital-x-ray-machine\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2&3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_845_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916","0975-9174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-5916","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-9174","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-04-11","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}