{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:38:53Z","timestamp":1790278733995,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"\n Background & objectives:<\/jats:title>\n The emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella<\/jats:italic> over the last two decades poses a major health risk. In this context, antimicrobial peptides have found a strategic place in the therapeutic armamentarium. Previously, we found that cryptdin-2 has the potential to augment the activity of conventional second- and third-generation anti-Salmonella<\/jats:italic> antibiotics as evident by in vitro<\/jats:italic> assays. In continuation to this, the present study was designed to evaluate the in vivo<\/jats:italic> synergistic effects, if any, of cryptdin-2 in combination with ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone against murine salmonellosis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies along with in vivo<\/jats:italic> synergistic studies were performed using cryptdin- 2 and antibiotic combinations. In addition, peroxidative liver damage, levels of nitric oxide (NO) and antioxidant enzymes along with tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) levels were also measured.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The SEM results revealed marked changes on the outer membrane of the bacterial cells treated with various combinations. Both the tested combinations demonstrated synergistic in vivo<\/jats:italic> potency against S. Typhimurium<\/jats:italic> as evident by reduction in the number of Salmonellae in the liver, spleen and intestine. Analysis of peroxidative liver damage, levels of NO and antioxidant enzymes along with TNF-\u03b1 and nuclear factor-kappa B levels revealed that the tested combinations restored their levels to near normal. The most potent combination was found to be that of cryptdin-2 and ciprofloxacin in terms of direct killing and immunomodulatory potential.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n These findings suggest that cryptdin-2 may act in conjunction with conventional antibiotics indicating the possibility of developing these combinations as additional therapeutic agents to combat Salmonella<\/jats:italic> infections.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_850_14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,31]],"date-time":"2017-03-31T13:12:30Z","timestamp":1490965950000},"page":"761-770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Synergism in dual functionality of cryptdin-2 in conjunction with antibiotics against Salmonella"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Aman 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