{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T19:50:58Z","timestamp":1785613858602,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections continue to be a major global cause of morbidity, with a large proportion of the burden of STH infections occurring in India. In addition to direct health impacts of these infections, including anaemia and nutritional deficiencies in children, these infections also significantly impact economic development, as a result of delays in early childhood cognitive development and future income earning potential. The current World Health Organization strategy for STH is focused on morbidity control through the application of mass drug administration to all pre-school-aged and school-aged children. In India, the control of STH-related morbidity requires mobilization of significant human and financial resources, placing additional burdens on limited public resources. Infected adults and untreated children in the community act as a reservoir of infection by which treated children get rapidly reinfected. As a result, deworming programmes will need to be sustained indefinitely in the absence of other strategies to reduce reinfection, including water, hygiene and sanitation interventions (WASH). However, WASH interventions require sustained effort by the government or other agencies to build infrastructure and to promote healthy behavioural modifications, and their effectiveness is often limited by deeply entrenched cultural norms and behaviours. Novel strategies must be explored to provide a lasting solution to the problem of STH infections in India other than the indefinite provision of deworming for morbidity control.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_881_18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,27]],"date-time":"2018-08-27T08:32:57Z","timestamp":1535358777000},"page":"533-544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Intervention strategies to reduce the burden of soil-transmitted helminths in India"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Dilip","family":"Abraham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saravanakumar Puthupalayam","family":"Kaliappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judd L.","family":"Walson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sitara Swarna","family":"Rao Ajjampur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","reference":[{"key":"R2-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.10.002","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections: Updating the global picture","volume":"19","author":"de Silva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"R5-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-37","article-title":"Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010","volume":"7","author":"Pullan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"R6-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006153","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006153","article-title":"Geographical distribution of soil transmitted helminths and the effects of community type in South Asia and South East Asia - A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Silver","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R7-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4","article-title":"Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R8-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17023-2","article-title":"Antenatal anthelmintic treatment, birthweight, and infant survival in rural Nepal","volume":"364","author":"Christian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R9-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762001000800005","article-title":"Plasmodium\/intestinal helminth co-infections among pregnant Nigerian women","volume":"96","author":"Egwunyenga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"R10-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90093-4","article-title":"Hookworm infection in pregnancy","volume":"89","author":"Bundy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R11-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(04)58004-1","article-title":"Human hookworm infection in the 21st century","volume":"58","author":"Brooker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"R12-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.1997.tb00154.x","article-title":"Relationship of childhood protein-energy malnutrition and parasite infections in an urban African setting","volume":"2","author":"Tshikuka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R13-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1761-5","article-title":"Intestinal parasites, growth and physical fitness of schoolchildren in poor neighbourhoods of Port Elizabeth, South Africa: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"9","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"R14-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02542.x","article-title":"Impact of hookworm infection and deworming on anaemia in non-pregnant populations: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R15-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000006491","article-title":"Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections","volume":"121","author":"Stephenson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"R16-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra032492","article-title":"Hookworm infection","volume":"351","author":"Hotez","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R17-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68653-4","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections: Ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm","volume":"367","author":"Bethony","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R18-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/jspn.12139","article-title":"Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis in India","volume":"21","author":"Murray John","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Spec Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"R19-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4113-2","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of soil-transmitted helminth infections in India","volume":"17","author":"Salam","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R20-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12205","article-title":"Prevalence and clustering of soil-transmitted helminth infections in a tribal area in Southern India","volume":"18","author":"Kaliappan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R21-3-20241212","first-page":"217","article-title":"Overview of intestinal parasitic prevalence in rural and urban population in Lucknow, North India","volume":"39","author":"Nitin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"R22-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01252.x","article-title":"The prevalence, intensities and risk factors associated with geohelminth infection in tea-growing communities of Assam, India","volume":"9","author":"Traub","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R23-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003790","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003790","article-title":"The epidemiology of soil-transmitted helminths in Bihar state, India","volume":"9","author":"Greenland","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R24-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0354-7","article-title":"High prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections among primary school children, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2015","volume":"6","author":"Ganguly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"R25-3-20241212","first-page":"83","article-title":"Intestinal parasitic infections and demographic status of school children in Bhopal region of Central India","volume":"9","author":"Kiran","year":"2014","journal-title":"IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci"},{"key":"R28-3-20241212","first-page":"76","article-title":"Prevalence & risk factors for soil transmitted helminth infection among school children in South India","volume":"139","author":"Kattula","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R30-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e948","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000948","article-title":"Assessment of the anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole in school children in seven countries where soil-transmitted helminths are endemic","volume":"5","author":"Vercruysse","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R32-3-20241212","first-page":"CD000371","article-title":"Deworming drugs for soil-transmitted intestinal worms in children: Effects on nutritional indicators, haemoglobin and school performance","volume":"11","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R34-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30242-X","article-title":"Mass deworming to improve developmental health and wellbeing of children in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Welch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"R35-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)90119-2","article-title":"Effect of periodic deworming on nutritional status of ascaris-infested preschool children receiving supplementary food","volume":"2","author":"Gupta","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R36-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1621","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001621","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth reinfection after drug treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R37-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1310-2","article-title":"Epidemiological surveys of, and research on, soil-transmitted helminths in Southeast Asia: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Dunn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"R39-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0157780","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157780","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth eggs are present in soil at multiple locations within households in rural Kenya","volume":"11","author":"Steinbaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R40-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005522","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005522","article-title":"Detecting and enumerating soil-transmitted helminth eggs in soil: New method development and results from field testing in Kenya and Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"Steinbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R41-3-20241212","first-page":"490","article-title":"WASH practices - A determinant of gastrointestinal community health: A community study from rural Odisha, India","volume":"7","author":"Kar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Dig Syst"},{"key":"R42-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5278.93196","article-title":"Health and environmental sanitation in India: Issues for prioritizing control strategies","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R43-3-20241212","first-page":"19","article-title":"Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of albendazole in improving nutritional status of pre-school children in urban slums","volume":"37","author":"Awasthi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"R44-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02762101","article-title":"Six-monthly de-worming in infants to study effects on growth","volume":"68","author":"Awasthi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"R45-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.08.005","article-title":"Periodic deworming with albendazole and its impact on growth status and diarrhoeal incidence among children in an urban slum of India","volume":"99","author":"Sur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R46-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e223","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000223","article-title":"Effects of deworming on malnourished preschool children in India: An open-labelled, cluster-randomized trial","volume":"2","author":"Awasthi","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R47-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62126-6","article-title":"Population deworming every 6 months with albendazole in 1 million pre-school children in North India: DEVTA, a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"381","author":"Awasthi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R48-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60600-5","article-title":"DEVTA: Results from the biggest clinical trial ever","volume":"381","author":"Garner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R49-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0361","article-title":"Assessing the impact of a school-based safe water intervention on household adoption of point-of-use water treatment practices in Southern India","volume":"84","author":"Freeman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R50-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001497","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001497","article-title":"Effect of household-based drinking water chlorination on diarrhoea among children under five in Orissa, India: A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Boisson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"R51-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e645","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70307-9","article-title":"Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: A cluster-randomised trial","volume":"2","author":"Clasen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"R52-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-7622-9-7","article-title":"The effect of improved rural sanitation on diarrhoea and helminth infection: Design of a cluster-randomized trial in Orissa, India","volume":"9","author":"Clasen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Themes Epidemiol"},{"key":"R53-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001709","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001709","article-title":"The effect of India's total sanitation campaign on defecation behaviors and child health in rural Madhya Pradesh: A cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Patil","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"R54-3-20241212","first-page":"572","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of Ascaris lumbricoides infection in school children from a slum in Visakhapatnam, South India","volume":"30","author":"Paul","year":"1999","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"R55-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00894.x","article-title":"Efficacy of co-administration of albendazole and diethylcarbamazine against geohelminthiases: A study from South India","volume":"7","author":"Mani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R56-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90168-4","article-title":"Sustainability of soil-transmitted helminth control following a single-dose co-administration of albendazole and diethylcarbamazine","volume":"97","author":"Rajendran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R57-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01298.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of two annual, single-dose mass drug administrations of diethylcarbamazine alone or in combination with albendazole on soil-transmitted helminthiasis in filariasis elimination programme","volume":"9","author":"Mani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R58-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.156622","article-title":"Impact on prevalence of intestinal helminth infection in school children administered with seven annual rounds of diethyl carbamazine (DEC) with albendazole","volume":"141","author":"Sunish","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R59-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32123-7","article-title":"Differential effect of mass deworming and targeted deworming for soil-transmitted helminth control in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"389","author":"Clarke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R60-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003897","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003897","article-title":"Should the goal for the treatment of soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections be changed from morbidity control in children to community-wide transmission elimination?","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R61-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-1979-x","article-title":"Assessing the interruption of the transmission of human helminths with mass drug administration alone: Optimizing the design of cluster randomized trials","volume":"10","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"R62-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38877.393530.7C","article-title":"Effect on weight gain of routinely giving albendazole to preschool children during child health days in Uganda: Cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"333","author":"Alderman","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R63-3-20241212","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Effect of deworming on nutritional status of ascaris infested slum children of Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"39","author":"Sarkar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"R65-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2004.00481.x","article-title":"Worms: Identifying impacts on education and health in the presence of treatment externalities","volume":"72","author":"Miguel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"R66-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001620","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001620","article-title":"Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Strunz","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"R67-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30005-6","article-title":"Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Kenya: A cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Null","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"R68-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e302","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30490-4","article-title":"Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Bangladesh: A cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Luby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"R69-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S685","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ844","article-title":"The sanitation hygiene infant nutrition efficacy (SHINE) trial: Rationale, design, and methods","volume":"61","author":"Humphrey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R71-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5278.44699","article-title":"India needs a great sanitary awakening","volume":"12","author":"Majra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R72-3-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006166","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006166","article-title":"Assessing the feasibility of interrupting the transmission of soil-transmitted helminths through mass drug administration: The deWorm3 cluster randomized trial protocol","volume":"12","author":"\u00c1sbj\u00f6rnsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/02223309-201847060-00003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T23:00:22Z","timestamp":1751497222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/intervention-strategies-to-reduce-the-burden-of-soil-transmitted-helminths-in-india\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_881_18","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-5916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}}}