{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,15]],"date-time":"2026-11-15T11:03:07Z","timestamp":1794740587648,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Algeria and North Africa have limited data on tuberculosis (TB) risk factors. In addition, pretreatment assessments often do not include fasting blood glucose or renal function tests. These biological tests are only carried out if the interview and the results of the biochemical analysis of the urine make it possible to identify a patient at risk. This study aimed to identify the main risk factors for pulmonary TB (PT) in people aged 15 years and over in Blida and to specify the unrecognised rates of diabetes and chronic renal failure in conjunction with TB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a matched case\u2013control study in Blida, involving 223 PT cases and 446 controls matched by age, sex, and location. Data collection included a structured questionnaire, with renal and fasting glucose tests for all participants. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified independent predictors of TB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Contact with TB was the strongest predictor (odds ratio [OR]: 23.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.69\u201352.14) of PT. Other significant associations included corticosteroid use &gt;7 days (OR: 9.97, 95% CI: 3.38\u201329.39), diabetes (OR: 4.20, 95% CI: 2.53\u20136.96), low body weight (OR: 6.38, 95% CI: 2.93\u201313.89), unemployment (OR: 2.55, 95% CI: 1.43\u20134.56), smoking (OR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.41\u20133.43), and overcrowding (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.03\u20132.38). Fasting glucose screening revealed undiagnosed diabetes in 5.4% of cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study highlights the need to include metabolic screening in the systematic management of TB and emphasizes the importance of close contact with TB patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_11_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T18:45:44Z","timestamp":1742496344000},"page":"48-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Risk Factors for Pulmonary Tuberculosis in an Urban Area of Algeria"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9955-9202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Abderrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Saad Dahlab University-Blida1, Blida, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samya","family":"Taright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mustapha University Hospital Centre, University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2020.02.005","article-title":"A systemic review on tuberculosis","volume":"67","author":"Natarajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"R4-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e085733","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-085733","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns and socioeconomic determinants of pulmonary tuberculosis in Dongguan City, China, during 2011-2020: An ecological study","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R5-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17495-6","article-title":"Global, regional and national trends in tuberculosis incidence and main risk factors: A study using data from 2000 to 2021","volume":"24","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R6-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15213-w","article-title":"The social determinants of national tuberculosis incidence rates in 116 countries: A longitudinal ecological study between 2005-2015","volume":"23","author":"K\u00f6ltringer","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R7-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900174","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.12.1900174","article-title":"Tuberculosis in the european union\/european economic area: Much progress, still many challenges","volume":"24","author":"Guthmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"R8-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e943","DOI":"10.52225\/narra.v4i2.943","article-title":"Risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis in Indonesia: A case-control study in a high disease prevalence region","volume":"4","author":"Fahdhienie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Narra J"},{"key":"R9-20260423","first-page":"45","article-title":"Inequality in the global incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) and TB\/HIV according to the human development index","volume":"33","author":"Okhovat-Isfahani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"key":"R12-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_78_20","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of tuberculosis in Leon Bernard tuberculosis unit in Algeria","volume":"9","author":"Selmane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"R13-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_94_24","article-title":"Demography, clinical features, and annual course of tuberculosis in Oran province, Algeria","volume":"13","author":"Selmane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"R14-20260423","first-page":"S23","article-title":"Forecasting the incidence of tuberculosis in Algeria","volume":"13","author":"Selmane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"R16-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.15.0031","article-title":"Risk of incident active tuberculosis and use of corticosteroids","volume":"19","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"R17-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-991","article-title":"Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in Croatia: A matched case-control study","volume":"13","author":"Jurcev-Savicevic","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R18-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_50_19","article-title":"Determinants of pulmonary tuberculosis in public health facilities of Dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia: Unmatched case-control study","volume":"8","author":"Hassen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"R19-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0214235","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214235","article-title":"Risk factors for tuberculosis: A case-control study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Shimeles","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R20-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2024.01.004","article-title":"Risk of tuberculosis among pulmonary tuberculosis contacts: The importance of time of exposure to index cases","volume":"91","author":"Godoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"R21-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00371-7","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of tuberculosis among 420 854 household contacts of patients with tuberculosis in the 100 million Brazilian cohort (2004-18): A cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Pinto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R22-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08348-z","article-title":"Declining incidence rate of tuberculosis among close contacts in five years post-exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R23-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-023-02617-y","article-title":"Clinical and imaging factors that can predict contagiousness of pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"23","author":"Unnewehr","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"R24-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802302","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02302-2018","article-title":"Detection, survival and infectious potential of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the environment: A review of the evidence and epidemiological implications","volume":"53","author":"Martinez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"R25-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220127","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0127-2022","article-title":"A scoping review on the risk of tuberculosis in specific population groups: Can we expand the World Health Organization recommendations?","volume":"32","author":"Bigio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"R26-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy675","article-title":"Undernutrition and tuberculosis: Public health implications","volume":"219","author":"Sinha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R27-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407813","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1407813","article-title":"Nutritional status affects immune function and exacerbates the severity of pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R28-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236099","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1236099","article-title":"Effects of underweight and overweight on mortality in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Min","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"R29-20260423","first-page":"4","article-title":"Pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: Epidemiology, pathogenesis and therapeutic management (Review)","volume":"4","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Int (Lond)"},{"key":"R30-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_40_24","article-title":"A comparative investigation on cytokine expression in pulmonary tuberculosis and comorbidity with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"R31-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319881021","article-title":"The global epidemics of diabetes in the 21st century: Current situation and perspectives","volume":"26","author":"Standl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"R32-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad364","article-title":"Risk of tuberculosis disease in people with chronic kidney disease without kidney failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Luczynski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R33-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_153_20","article-title":"Active tuberculosis infection in Moroccan patients with rheumatic diseases under biologic therapy: A multicenter national study","volume":"11","author":"Aachari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"R34-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1590\/s1806-37562017000000443","article-title":"Risk factors for tuberculosis: Diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, and the use of other drugs","volume":"44","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Mycobacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_11_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:54:06Z","timestamp":1786647246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_11_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_11_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2212-5531","2212-554X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2212-5531","type":"print"},{"value":"2212-554X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-20","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-27","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}