{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:36:49Z","timestamp":1786649809314,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy are major mycobacterial infections in Indonesia, but coinfection is rare. We describe a 57-year-old male with pulmonary TB and borderline lepromatous leprosy complicated by reversal reaction. He also had type 2 diabetes mellitus and oral candidiasis. TB was confirmed by GeneXpert MTB\/RIF, rifampicin-sensitive sputum culture, and chest radiography, showing right suprahilar infiltrates. Leprosy was diagnosed by slit skin smear positive for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . During the 6\n                    <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                    month of multidrug therapy (MDT), he developed reversal reaction with fever, painful erythematous plaques, and sensory loss. Management included systemic corticosteroids, continuation of MDT without rifampicin, anti-TB drugs, and supportive care. Clinical improvement was observed after treatment modification. This case highlights the complex immunological interplay between\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. leprae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , therapeutic challenges of drug interactions, and the importance of multidisciplinary management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_154_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T20:00:13Z","timestamp":1766088013000},"page":"403-406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Coinfection of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy Complicated by Reversal Reaction"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8518-792X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur","family":"Noviana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariani","family":"Permatasari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2021.08.006","article-title":"Leprosy: Clinical and immunopathological characteristics","volume":"97","author":"Froes","year":"2022","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"R3-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_25_21","article-title":"Concomitant disseminated tuberculosis and lepromatous leprosy in a previously healthy male","volume":"10","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"R4-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753940","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.753940","article-title":"Diversity of macrophages in lung homeostasis and diseases","volume":"12","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R5-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-021-00480-w","article-title":"The impact of the lung environment on macrophage development, activation and function: Diversity in the face of adversity","volume":"15","author":"Bain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"R6-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S458888","article-title":"Coinfection with leprosy and tuberculosis: A case series in Malagasy patients","volume":"17","author":"Rakotoarisaona","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"R7-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08552-x","article-title":"Measuring leprosy case detection delay and associated factors in Indonesia: A community-based study","volume":"23","author":"Dharmawan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R8-20260420","first-page":"324","article-title":"Concomitant disseminated tuberculosis and lepromatous leprosy","volume":"10","author":"Hetty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"R9-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0011334","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011334","article-title":"Bacterial, fungal and parasitic co-infections in leprosy: A scoping review","volume":"17","author":"Maghanoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R10-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_186_23","article-title":"Co-infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae complicated by pulmonary embolism: A rare case report","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Mycobacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_154_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:58:37Z","timestamp":1786647517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_154_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_154_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2212-5531","2212-554X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2212-5531","type":"print"},{"value":"2212-554X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-17","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-06","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}