{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:37:16Z","timestamp":1786649836330,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health issue globally, presenting in pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB) and extra PTB(EPTB) forms. Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) testing is crucial for detecting\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Understanding TB epidemiology, including positivity rates, demographic patterns, and comorbidities, is essential for effective control. This study analyses AFB testing trends for TB over 5 years, focusing on PTB and EPTB cases, gender and age distribution, and associated comorbidities to inform public health and clinical practices.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study analyzed AFB, Mantoux, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing data from 2019 to 2023. Trends in positivity rates, PTB\/EPTB ratios, demographics, and comorbidities were assessed, with statistical analyses and comparisons to prior studies to contextualize findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      AFB testing volume rose from 2440 samples in 2019\u20132518 in 2023. PTB positivity declined from 3.7% to 2.5%, whereas EPTB cases peaked in 2020. Males predominated PTB cases, peaking at 84.62% in 2020. PTB to EPTB ratios were 12.82:1 (AFB) and 3.47:1 (PCR). Mantoux positivity rose significantly from 2019 to 2022 (\u03c7\u00b2 =18.64,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), with higher rates in males and older adults. An increase in rifampicin-resistant TB was noted in 2022\u20132023. Common TB comorbidities included diabetes, hypertension, and chronic lung disease, complicating treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights dynamic TB trends, stressing the need for age- and gender-specific control strategies. Rising EPTB cases, drug resistance, and comorbidities underscore the importance of targeted interventions, preventive measures, and socioeconomic research to optimize TB management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_16_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T18:38:12Z","timestamp":1742495892000},"page":"56-65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Epidemiological Trends in Pulmonary and Extra pulmonary Tuberculosis: A 5 year Retrospective Analysis of Acid Fast Bacilli"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Datchanamoorthy","family":"Maheswary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujith Sri Surya","family":"Ravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kakithakara Vajravelu","family":"Leela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7222-7090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul Harikumar","family":"Lathakumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, 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