{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:32:46Z","timestamp":1787761966854,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n The epidemiology of infants who exhibited the Koch-like phenomenon after Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin vaccination and who subsequently tested positive in interferon-\u03b3 release assay (IGRA) was compared to that of those who tested negative. The reports of pediatricians on the phenomenon to the health authorities of Japan were retrieved and analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n In 2013\u20132019, 790 infants with such events were reported with IGRA test results available, of whom 81 (10.3%) tested positive and 709 (89.7%) negative.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The infants who were IGRA positive did not show an increasing trend (\n \u03a1<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.06,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.60), whereas those who were IGRA negative showed a significantly increasing trend (\n \u03a1<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.42,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.0002). The infants who were IGRA positive did not exhibit seasonality, whereas those who were IGRA negative had a higher number of cases in winter than in summer. The rates of infants who were IGRA positive per 10 million live births showed a significant correlation with the tuberculosis (TB) notification rates by prefecture (\n \u03a1<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.41,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.004), whereas those who were IGRA negative did not (\n \u03a1<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.04,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.78).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The IGRA-positive infants were distributed quite differently from those who were IGRA negative and appeared more likely to be infected with TB. Reports of pediatricians on the Koch-like phenomenon should continuously be collected as the reports reflect a risk of TB infection including TB outbreaks among infants in Japan. The reports should include IGRA test results as IGRA is more specific than tuberculin skin testing. Infants with IGRA-positive results should be followed up for 2\u20133 years to determine their final outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_203_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T02:03:48Z","timestamp":1678759428000},"page":"43-48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Epidemiology of the Koch Phenomenon of Infants after Bacillus Calmette\u2013Guerin Vaccination by Interferon-\u03b3 Release Assay Status, Japan, 2013\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Masaki","family":"Ota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Technical Assistance to National Tuberculosis Programmes, Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Furuichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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