{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:26:00Z","timestamp":1787840760111,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Microorganisms belonging to the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    complex (MAC) are ubiquitous in the environment, but only a minority of infected persons develop disease. An underlying lung disease or immune deficiency is a prerequisite for clinical manifestation. However, disseminated MAC disease primarily manifests in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the severe immunodeficiency stage with a whole host of clinical symptoms. We present two cases of disseminated\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in people living with HIV in the stage of severe immunodeficiency. Both patients exhibited distinct disease progression, with the absence of pulmonary symptoms being a common characteristic. The first patient predominantly experienced high fever, accompanied by diarrhea and severe anemia. The normothermia in the second patient was incongruent with the presence of marked cachexia, severe abdominal pain, and magnetic resonance imaging evidence of abdominal lymph node involvement. The causative agent was isolated from both sputum and stools. The patients underwent treatment that comprised aminoglycoside, macrolide, ethambutol, and rifampicin. Although both patients achieved optimal viral suppression of HIV, the immunologic response to antiretroviral therapy was suboptimal. The first patient died in the setting of severe immunodeficiency due to the development of decompensated liver cirrhosis, while the second patient demonstrated a slight reverse course of the disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_23_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T20:00:57Z","timestamp":1710878457000},"page":"112-114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Disseminated Mycobacterium avium Infection with Different Clinical Presentation in Two Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive Patients"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0095-263X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Yancheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of AIDS, Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases \u201cProf. Ivan Kirov\u201d, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitar","family":"Strashimirov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of AIDS, Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases \u201cProf. Ivan Kirov\u201d, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of AIDS, Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases \u201cProf. Ivan Kirov\u201d, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rusina","family":"Grozdeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of AIDS, Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases \u201cProf. Ivan Kirov\u201d, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeta","family":"Bachiyska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Milanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Diseases, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4103\/jpdtsm.jpdtsm_2_22","article-title":"Is a time to established medical mycobacteriology as an academic degree (Master of Science)? Strategical plan for next future","volume":"1","author":"Velayati","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Prev Diagn Treat Strat Med"},{"key":"R2-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.4103\/jpdtsm.jpdtsm_124_23","article-title":"Mycobacteria's antibodies search:Serology, an important neglected means to establish a diagnosis and a prognosis","volume":"2","author":"Maes","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Prev Diagn Treat Strat Med"},{"key":"R3-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_98_20","article-title":"Diagnosis of atypical mycobacterial and fungal coinfection","volume":"9","author":"Jimeno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"R4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0254607","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254607","article-title":"Disseminated disease due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria in HIV positive patients:A retrospective case control study","volume":"16","author":"Wetzstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R5-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_87_17","article-title":"Epidemiological and laboratorial profile of patients with isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria","volume":"6","author":"Pedro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"R6-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_100_19","article-title":"A case report of disseminated Mycobacterium colombiense infection in an HIV patient","volume":"8","author":"Pena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"R7-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2303.161708","article-title":"Disseminated nontuberculous mycobacteria in HIV-infected patients, Oregon, USA, 2007-2012","volume":"23","author":"Varley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R8-20240902","first-page":"235","article-title":"Hematological profiles of patients with tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria infections in Bamako, Mali","volume":"12","author":"Sanogo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"R9-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/JMAU.JMAU_18_19","article-title":"Mycobacterium avium complex:A rare cause of pancytopenia in HIV infection","volume":"8","author":"Sahu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Microsc Ultrastruct"},{"key":"R10-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.31486\/toj.17.0113","article-title":"Concurrent persistent cryptococcosis and Mycobacterium avium complex infections in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"19","author":"Joury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ochsner J"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Mycobacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_23_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:28:29Z","timestamp":1787837309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_23_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_23_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2212-5531","2212-554X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2212-5531","type":"print"},{"value":"2212-554X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-02","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-02","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}