{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:21:31Z","timestamp":1787772091776,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health concern and kills millions of people every year. While TB can affect any organ in the body, breast TB is relatively uncommon. This study presents a comprehensive review of literature spanning 23 years, with a focus on cases of breast TB in Iran. Among the 96 cases found, the majority (89.6%) fell within the age range of 20\u201360, with a striking prevalence among women (98.9%). Common symptoms included pain and palpable mass, each presenting in approximately 60.4% of cases. Notably, only a quarter of patients had a confirmed history of exposure to a known TB case. Left breast involvement was more prevalent (58.3%), with ipsilateral lymph node enlargement observed in 40.6% of cases. Given the clinical presentation of breast TB, which often leads to misdiagnosis, a significant proportion of cases (68.7%) were diagnosed through excisional biopsy. Following a standard 6-month regimen of anti-TB drugs, relapse occurred in only 4.2% of cases. This study highlights the need for heightened awareness and vigilance in diagnosing breast TB, especially in regions with a high burden. Although breast TB poses diagnostic challenges, with prompt identification and treatment, the prognosis is generally favorable, with a low incidence of relapse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_32_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T20:00:05Z","timestamp":1710878405000},"page":"1-6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Breast Tuberculosis in Iran: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Farhang","family":"Babamahmoodi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3730-5268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdolreza","family":"Babamahmoodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"},{"name":"Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahim","family":"Barzegar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makan","family":"Sadr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Marjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e236019","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-236019","article-title":"Case series on variable presentations of tuberculosis of the breast","volume":"13","author":"Chitrambalam","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"R2-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.124331","article-title":"Scrofulous swelling of the bosom masquerading as cancer","volume":"32","author":"Challa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R3-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0061","article-title":"Breast tuberculosis in women:A systematic review","volume":"101","author":"Quaglio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2012.07.003","article-title":"Breast tuberculosis:Diagnosis, management and treatment","volume":"3","author":"Marinopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"R5-20240902","first-page":"64","article-title":"Tuberculosis of breast in a woman with history of prolactinoma (a case report)","volume":"3","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Reprod Infertil"},{"key":"R6-20240902","first-page":"78","article-title":"A case report of breast tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Mardani","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"R7-20240902","first-page":"85","article-title":"Report of two cases of breast tuberculosis","volume":"7","author":"Sokouti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Inflamm Dis"},{"key":"R8-20240902","first-page":"50","article-title":"Primary tuberculosis of the breast:A case report","volume":"12","author":"Azarkar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"R9-20240902","first-page":"670","article-title":"Tuberculosis of the breast:Report of 4 clinical cases and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Mirsaeidi","year":"2007","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"R10-20240902","first-page":"463","article-title":"Breast tuberculosis:Report of eight cases","volume":"11","author":"Fadaei-Araghi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"R11-20240902","first-page":"301","article-title":"Breast tuberculosis:A case report","volume":"26","author":"Alikhani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Isfahan Med Sch"},{"key":"R12-20240902","first-page":"1166","article-title":"Women presented with breast involvement of tuberculosis","volume":"43","author":"Khodabakhshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"R13-20240902","first-page":"47","article-title":"Breast tuberculosis in a postmenopausal woman with an insidious manner:A case report","volume":"25","author":"Naghshin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"key":"R14-20240902","first-page":"242","article-title":"Primary breast tuberculosis mimicking carcinoma:A case report","volume":"5","author":"Donya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iran J Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R15-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-14-72","article-title":"Breast tuberculosis in northeast Iran:Review of 22 cases","volume":"14","author":"Khodabakhshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"R16-20240902","first-page":"124","article-title":"Tuberculosis of the breast:A case report","volume":"49","author":"Azarkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Med Iran"},{"key":"R17-20240902","first-page":"582","article-title":"Breast tuberculosis:Report of nine cases of extra pulmonary tuberculosis with breast mass","volume":"27","author":"Shushtari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"R18-20240902","first-page":"61","article-title":"Breast tuberculosis in pregnancy:Case report","volume":"4","author":"Mehravar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran J Breast Dis"},{"key":"R19-20240902","first-page":"268","article-title":"Primary tuberculosis of breast:Case report","volume":"9","author":"Malekianzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J Pathol"},{"key":"R20-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6185","DOI":"10.5812\/ijcm.6185","article-title":"The Coexistence of Carcinoma and Tuberculosis in One Breast:A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"10","author":"Farrokh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cancer Manag"},{"key":"R21-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.08.013","article-title":"Tuberculous mastitis:A review of 32 cases","volume":"87","author":"Farrokh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R22-20240902","first-page":"1701","article-title":"Breast tuberculosis in pregnancy (A review and report)","volume":"9","author":"Parooei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci Res"},{"key":"R23-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2020.02.007","article-title":"Primary tuberculous mastitis:The first report from Syria","volume":"68","author":"Kayali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"R24-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.3500","article-title":"An unusual presentation of breast tuberculosis:A case report","volume":"9","author":"Rizzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"R25-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-5-67","article-title":"Mammary tuberculosis \u2013Importance of recognition and differentiation from that of a breast malignancy:Report of three cases and review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Ak\u00e7ay","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"R26-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-020-02646-9","article-title":"Breast tuberculosis:A case series","volume":"15","author":"Ghalleb","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"R27-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3233\/BD-150407","article-title":"Primary breast tuberculosis:Diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas","volume":"35","author":"Hiremath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breast Dis"},{"key":"R28-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2012.10.003","article-title":"Mammary, testicular and adnexal tuberculosis diagnosed by histology in a rural hospital in Southern Ethiopia","volume":"1","author":"Ramos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"R29-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4274\/jtgga.galenos.2021.2020.0213","article-title":"Breast tuberculosis:A diagnosis not to be forgotten","volume":"22","author":"Hammami","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc"},{"key":"R30-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-017-0081-6","article-title":"Breast tuberculosis:A report of five cases","volume":"45","author":"Efared","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"R31-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2018.07.003","article-title":"Breast tuberculosis","volume":"66","author":"Sinha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"R32-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-9485.2011.02306.x","article-title":"Imaging of tuberculosis of the breast:21 cases and a review of the literature","volume":"55","author":"Meerkotter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"R33-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561.e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2020.03.017","article-title":"Imaging and clinical features of breast tuberculosis:A review series of 62 cases","volume":"75","author":"Mathew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"R34-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2016.11.023","article-title":"Imaging features and diagnosis of tuberculosis of the breast","volume":"72","author":"Longman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"R35-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019190109","article-title":"Extrapulmonary tuberculosis:Pathophysiology and imaging findings","volume":"39","author":"Rodriguez-Takeuchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"R36-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2021.e01341","article-title":"Breast tuberculosis:A forgotten diagnosis","volume":"26","author":"Oucharqui","year":"2021","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"R37-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_98_22","article-title":"Image-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology or core biopsy \u2013A key to definitive diagnosis of tuberculous mastitis","volume":"11","author":"Chandanwale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"R38-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.4103\/JLP.JLP_26_17","article-title":"Diagnostic challenges of tubercular lesions of breast","volume":"10","author":"Jairajpuri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Lab Physicians"},{"key":"R39-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-018-4870-3","article-title":"Granulomatous mastitis:Etiology, imaging, pathology, treatment, and clinical findings","volume":"171","author":"Barreto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"R40-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.32768\/abc.202293SI293-300","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis;radio-pathologic findings and grading based on clinical presentation and treatment outcome in 224 patients","volume":"9","author":"Yazdanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Breast Cancer"},{"key":"R41-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1159\/000495146","article-title":"Granulomatous mastitis:A therapeutic and diagnostic challenge","volume":"13","author":"Wolfrum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast Care (Basel)"},{"key":"R42-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.14075","article-title":"Breast sarcoidosis:Clinical features, imaging, and histological findings","volume":"27","author":"Reis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breast J"},{"key":"R43-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-021-00961-3","article-title":"Primary breast tuberculosis:Imaging findings of a rare disease","volume":"12","author":"Baykan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"R44-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.78.921.422","article-title":"Mammary tuberculosis:Report on 52 cases","volume":"78","author":"Khanna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"R45-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0239","article-title":"Risk factors of tuberculosis infection among HIV\/AIDS patients in Burkina Faso","volume":"29","author":"M\u00e9da","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Mycobacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_32_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:29:56Z","timestamp":1787768996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_32_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_32_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2212-5531","2212-554X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2212-5531","type":"print"},{"value":"2212-554X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-02","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-27","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}