{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T06:15:36Z","timestamp":1793427336843,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are identified as one of the key components of innate immune system due to their ability to sense conserved molecular motifs associated with several pathogens. It has been implicated from several evidence that mutations in genes encoding TLRs are associated with increased or decreased susceptibility to various infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was prospective, cross-sectional, as well as longitudinal in nature, which includes 223 HIV-positive patients, 150 HIV-positive patients with latent tuberculosis (TB) infection, 150 HIV-positive patients with active TB, 200 HIV-negative newly diagnosed sputum smear positive pulmonary TB patients, and 205 healthy subjects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A statistically significant difference was observed in allelic frequencies of TLR4 between healthy subjects and HIV + TB patients (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), healthy subjects, and pulmonary TB (PTB) Category-I patients (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01) and between healthy subjects and HIV + TB patients (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). TLR4 genotype frequencies were also significantly different between healthy subjects and PTB Cat I patients (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and HIV + and HIV + TB patients (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). A statistically significant difference was also observed between HIV + and PTB Cat I patients (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04), HIV + LTBI and HIV + TB patients (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01), and between HIV + TB and PTB Cat I patients (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study implicates that Asp299Gly polymorphism in TLR4 gene is associated with increased susceptibility to active TB in HIV-seropositive patients. Increased frequency of 'A' allele in TLR9 gene was also discovered at the time of active TB development in ART na\u00efve HIV + patients, who developed active TB on follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_4_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T09:02:00Z","timestamp":1682067720000},"page":"95-102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Genetic Polymorphism of Toll-Like Receptors in HIV-I Infected Patients with and without Tuberculosis Co-Infection"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richa","family":"Vashishtha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Himanshu","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raj Narayan","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R5-14-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1038\/82139","article-title":"Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis-persistence, patience, and winning by waiting","volume":"6","author":"Manabe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R6-14-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.3.6.981","article-title":"Diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Is the demise of the Mantoux test imminent?","volume":"3","author":"Rothel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"R7-14-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5258.54","article-title":"Immunological memory and protective immunity: Understanding their relation","volume":"272","author":"Ahmed","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R8-14-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1369","article-title":"Human genes that limit AIDS","volume":"36","author":"O'Brien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"R9-14-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2009.01220.x","article-title":"Genetic determinants of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS: Susceptibility to HIV infection","volume":"73","author":"Kaur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"R10-14-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.2.539","article-title":"Presidential address to the American Association of Immunologists. 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