{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:26:48Z","timestamp":1787758008496,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The antibiotic-exposed bacteria often contain the reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydroxyl radical, which inflicts genome-wide mutations, causing the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                      formation of antibiotic-resistant strains. Hydroxyl radical is generated by Fenton reaction of Fe (II) with the ROS, H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , which, in turn, is formed by the dismutation of the ROS, superoxide. Therefore, for the emergence of bacterial strains genetically resistant to antibiotics, increased levels of superoxide, H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , hydroxyl radical, and Fe (II) should be present in the antibiotic-exposed bacteria. Here, we verified this premise by finding out whether the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      cultures of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. smegmatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , exposed to MBC of moxifloxacin for a prolonged duration, contain significantly high levels of superoxide, H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , hydroxyl radical, and Fe (II).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Biological triplicate cultures of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. smegmatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , were exposed to MBC of moxifloxacin for 84 h. The colony-forming units (CFUs) of the cultures were determined on moxifloxacin-free and moxifloxacin-containing plates for the entire 84 h at a regular interval of 6 h. The cultures were analyzed at specific time points of killing phase (KP), antibiotic-surviving phase (ASP), and regrowth phase (RGP) for the presence of superoxide, H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , hydroxyl radical, and Fe (II) using the ROS- and Fe (II)-detecting fluorescence probes. The experimental cultures were grown in the presence of ROS and Fe (II) quenchers also and determined the levels of fluorescence corresponding to the ROS- and Fe (II)-specific probes. This was performed to establish the specificity of detection of ROS and Fe (II). Biological triplicate cultures, unexposed to moxifloxacin but cultured for 84 h, were used as the control for the measurement of ROS and Fe (II) levels. The CFUs of the cultures were determined on moxifloxacin-free and moxifloxacin-containing plates for the entire 84 h at regular intervals of 6 h. Flow cytometry analyses were performed for the detection and quantitation of the levels of fluorescence of the ROS-and Fe (II)-specific probes. The experimental cultures were grown in the presence of thiourea and bipyridyl as the ROS and Fe (II) quenchers, respectively, for the determination of the levels of fluorescence corresponding to the ROS- and Fe (II)-specific probes. Paired\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test was used to calculate statistical significance (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The moxifloxacin-exposed cultures, but not the cultures unexposed to moxifloxacin, showed a triphasic response with a KP, ASP, and RGP. The cells in the late KP and ASP contained significantly elevated levels of superoxide, H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , hydroxyl radical, and Fe (II). Thus, high levels of the ROS and Fe (II) were found in the small population (in the ASP) of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. smegmatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      cells that survived the moxifloxacin-mediated killing. From this moxifloxacin-surviving population (in the ASP), moxifloxacin-resistant genetic resisters emerged\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                      at high frequency, regrew, divided, and populated the cultures. The levels of these ROS, Fe (II), and the high moxifloxacin resister generation frequency were quenched in the cultures grown in the presence of the respective ROS and Fe (II) quenchers. The cultures unexposed to moxifloxacin did not show any of these responses, indicating that the whole response was specific to antibiotic exposure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significantly high levels of superoxide, H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , hydroxyl radical, and Fe (II) were generated in the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. smegmatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      cultures exposed to moxifloxacin for a prolonged duration. It promoted the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                      emergence of genetic resisters to moxifloxacin at high frequency.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_58_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T06:10:54Z","timestamp":1655187054000},"page":"150-158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mycobacterium smegmatis Strains Genetically Resistant to Moxifloxacin Emerge de novo from the Moxifloxacin-Surviving Population Containing High Levels of Superoxide, H2 O2, Hydroxyl Radical, and Fe (II)"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Avraneel","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashmi Ravindran","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kishor","family":"Jakkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parthasarathi","family":"Ajitkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2012.07.005","article-title":"Selection of resistance at lethal and non-lethal antibiotic concentrations","volume":"15","author":"Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"R2-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2928","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02928","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria: Relationships between resistance determinants of antibiotic producers, environmental bacteria, and clinical pathogens","volume":"9","author":"Peterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"R3-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)74210-3","article-title":"Treatment of staphylococcal infections with penicillin by intermittent sterilisation","volume":"244","author":"Bigger","year":"1944","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R4-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099390","article-title":"Bacterial persistence as a phenotypic switch","volume":"305","author":"Balaban","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R5-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229858","article-title":"Dynamic persistence of antibiotic-stressed mycobacteria","volume":"339","author":"Wakamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R6-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.34","article-title":"Distinguishing between resistance, tolerance and persistence to antibiotic treatment","volume":"14","author":"Brauner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"R7-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.09.028","article-title":"Bacterial heterogeneity and antibiotic survival: Understanding and combatting persistence and heteroresistance","volume":"76","author":"Dewachter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"R8-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0480-9","article-title":"High-throughput time-resolved morphology screening in bacteria reveals phenotypic responses to antibiotics","volume":"2","author":"Zahir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"R9-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00023","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00023-18","article-title":"Mechanisms of bacterial tolerance and persistence in the gastrointestinal and respiratory environments","volume":"31","author":"Trastoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R10-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01492.x","article-title":"The emergence of antibiotic resistance by mutation","volume":"13","author":"Woodford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"R11-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3109\/10715769609088035","article-title":"Peroxynitrite mediated oxidation of purine bases of nucleosides and isolated DNA","volume":"24","author":"Douki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"R12-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2010.01.003","article-title":"Sublethal antibiotic treatment leads to multidrug resistance via radical-induced mutagenesis","volume":"37","author":"Kohanski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"R13-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7527","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03169-14","article-title":"Rifampin induces hydroxyl radical formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"58","author":"Piccaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R14-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01343","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01343-16","article-title":"De novo emergence of genetically resistant mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the persistence phase cells formed against antituberculosis drugs in vitro","volume":"61","author":"Sebastian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R15-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02354","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02354-17","article-title":"Influence of reactive oxygen species on de novo acquisition of resistance to bactericidal antibiotics","volume":"62","author":"Hoeksema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R16-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000874","article-title":"Mycobacterium smegmatis moxifloxacin persister cells produce high levels of hydroxyl radical, generating genetic resisters selectable not only with moxifloxacin, but also with ethambutol and isoniazid","volume":"166","author":"Swaminath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading"},{"key":"R17-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2010.0101","article-title":"De novo acquisition of resistance to three antibiotics by Escherichia coli","volume":"17","author":"van der Horst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"R18-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2498","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601208113","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment enhances the genome-wide mutation rate of target cells","volume":"113","author":"Long","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R19-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.1.52","article-title":"Human disease due to Mycobacterium smegmatis","volume":"158","author":"Wallace","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R20-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/24.5.982","article-title":"Fatal disseminated Mycobacterium smegmatis infection in a child with inherited interferon gamma receptor deficiency","volume":"24","author":"Pierre-Audigier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R21-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2019.e00608","article-title":"Mycobacterium smegmatis causing a granulomatous cardiomediastinal mass","volume":"18","author":"Alqurashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"R22-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00994","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00994-20","article-title":"Unique mode of cell division by the mycobacterial genetic resister clones emerging de novo from the antibiotic-surviving population","volume":"5","author":"Jakkala","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"R23-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.4.773","article-title":"Cloning and nucleotide sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrA and gyrB genes and detection of quinolone resistance mutations","volume":"38","author":"Takiff","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R24-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.5.1127","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone resistance associated with specific gyrase mutations in clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"174","author":"Xu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R25-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(00)00200-5","article-title":"Characterisation of rpoB mutations in rifampicin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from the Middle East","volume":"38","author":"Ahmad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R26-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4435","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.12.4435-4438.2002","article-title":"Characterization of rpoB mutations in rifampin-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Turkey by DNA sequencing and line probe assay","volume":"40","author":"Cavusoglu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R27-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.2.443-450.2002","article-title":"Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from patients in North India","volume":"46","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R28-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4498","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00287-09","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and mutations in gyrA and gyrB","volume":"53","author":"Von Groll","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R29-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05286-11","article-title":"High proportion of fluoroquinolone-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates with novel gyrase polymorphisms and a gyrA region associated with fluoroquinolone susceptibility","volume":"50","author":"Devasia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R30-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01049-15","article-title":"Mutations in gyrA and gyrB among fluoroquinolone- and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates","volume":"60","author":"Chien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R31-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2018.04.005","article-title":"Mutations inside rifampicin-resistance determining region of rpoB gene associated with rifampicin-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Zaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"R32-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2014.05.001","article-title":"Oxidatively generated base damage to cellular DNA by hydroxyl radical and one-electron oxidants: Similarities and differences","volume":"557","author":"Cadet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"R33-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6049","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)63504-5","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein)","volume":"244","author":"McCord","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R34-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13681","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.23.13681","article-title":"Metabolic sources of hydrogen peroxide in aerobically growing Escherichia coli","volume":"270","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Flecha","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R35-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1039\/CT8946500899","article-title":"Oxidation of tartaric acid in presence of iron","volume":"65","author":"Fenton","year":"1894","journal-title":"J Chem Soc Trans"},{"key":"R36-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13635","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.24.13635","article-title":"Superoxide accelerates DNA damage by elevating free-iron levels","volume":"93","author":"Keyer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R37-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1990.tb02040.x","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of efficient plasmid transformation mutants of Mycobacterium smegmatis","volume":"4","author":"Snapper","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"R38-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)40014-8","article-title":"Thioureas react with superoxide radicals to yield a sulfhydryl compound. Explanation for protective effect against paraquat","volume":"265","author":"Kelner","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R39-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00105","article-title":"Superoxide generation and its involvement in the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis","volume":"8","author":"Yeware","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"R40-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01842","article-title":"A minor subpopulation of mycobacteria inherently produces high levels of reactive oxygen species that generate antibiotic resisters at high frequency from itself and enhance resister generation from its major kin subpopulation","volume":"10","author":"Nair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"R41-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209264200","article-title":"Development of novel fluorescence probes that can reliably detect reactive oxygen species and distinguish specific species","volume":"278","author":"Setsukinai","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R42-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2004.07.025","article-title":"Detection of hydrogen peroxide with Amplex Red: Interference by NADH and reduced glutathione auto-oxidation","volume":"431","author":"Votyakova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"R43-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.02.030","article-title":"Application of the Amplex red\/horseradish peroxidase assay to measure hydrogen peroxide generation by recombinant microsomal enzymes","volume":"48","author":"Mishin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"R44-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006481","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006481","article-title":"Oxidative stress induced in E. coli by the human antimicrobial peptide CM15","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"R45-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00459","article-title":"Production of superoxide in bacteria is stress- and cell state-dependent: A gating-optimised flow cytometry method that minimises ROS measurement artifacts with fluorescent dyes","volume":"8","author":"McBee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"R46-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1039\/c2sc21649c","article-title":"A highly selective turn-on fluorescent probe for iron (II) to visualise labile iron in living cells","volume":"4","author":"Hirayama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem Sci"},{"key":"R47-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00303-06","article-title":"Resistance levels and rpoB gene mutations among in vitro selected rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants","volume":"50","author":"Huitric","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R48-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2530931","article-title":"On the mechanism of OH. Scavenger action","volume":"253","author":"Tadolini","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"R49-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2017.06.040","article-title":"Scavenging of superoxide radical anion and hydroxyl radical by urea, thiourea, selenourea and their derivatives without any catalyst: A theoretical study","volume":"684","author":"Prasad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lett"},{"key":"R50-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05028.x","article-title":"Iron-sulphur clusters and the problem with oxygen","volume":"59","author":"Imlay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"R51-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21497","article-title":"Spontaneous mutations conferring antibiotic resistance to antitubercular drugs at a range of concentrations in Mycobacterium smegmatis","volume":"80","author":"Nyinoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"R53-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4588.1009","article-title":"Streptomycin resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"2","author":"Crofton","year":"1948","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"R54-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.9.2073","article-title":"Comparison of activities of rifapentine and rifampin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis residing in human macrophages","volume":"39","author":"Mor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R55-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4778","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02548-15","article-title":"Investigation of elimination rate, persistent subpopulation removal, and relapse rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using combinations of first-line drugs in a modified cornell mouse model","volume":"60","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R56-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01359-15","article-title":"Evolution of resistance to continuously increasing streptomycin concentrations in populations of Escherichia coli","volume":"60","author":"Spagnolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R57-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.4.1410-1415.2003","article-title":"Activity of and resistance to moxifloxacin in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"47","author":"Ince","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R58-4-20240902","first-page":"fnab157","article-title":"Genetic resisters to antibiotics in Escherichia coli arise from the antibiotic-surviving population containing three reactive oxygen species","volume":"368","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"R59-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002158","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002158","article-title":"Selection of resistant bacteria at very low antibiotic concentrations","volume":"7","author":"Gullberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"R60-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.11.2540","article-title":"Differential selection of multidrug efflux systems by quinolones in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"41","author":"K\u00f6hler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R61-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.7.1771-1777.2000","article-title":"Mutation frequencies and antibiotic resistance","volume":"44","author":"Martinez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R62-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.9.2485-2491.2000","article-title":"Concentration-dependent selection of small phenotypic differences in TEM beta-lactamase-mediated antibiotic resistance","volume":"44","author":"Negri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R63-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.04.015","article-title":"Complex interplay of physiology and selection in the emergence of antibiotic resistance","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"R64-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)37178-8","article-title":"The NAD(P)H: flavin oxidoreductase from Escherichia coli as a source of superoxide radicals","volume":"269","author":"Gaudu","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R65-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1021\/tx00030a017","article-title":"Peroxynitrite, a cloaked oxidant formed by nitric oxide and superoxide","volume":"5","author":"Koppenol","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"R66-4-20240902","first-page":"L699","article-title":"The chemistry of peroxynitrite: A product from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide","volume":"268","author":"Pryor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"R67-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(95)00152-2","article-title":"Peroxynitrite-induced mutation spectra of pSP189 following relication in bacteria and in human cells","volume":"349","author":"Juedes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"R68-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1006\/niox.1997.0143","article-title":"DNA damage induced by peroxynitrite: Subsequent biological effects","volume":"1","author":"Szab\u00f3","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"R69-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31584","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M303282200","article-title":"Nitric oxide formation by Escherichia coli. Dependence on nitrite reductase, the NO-sensing regulator Fnr, and flavohemoglobin Hmp","volume":"278","author":"Corker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R70-4-20240902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0177321","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01773-21","article-title":"The error-prone polymerase DnaE2 mediates the evolution of antibiotic resistance in persister mycobacterial cells","volume":"66","author":"Salini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Mycobacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_58_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:00:32Z","timestamp":1787756432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_58_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_58_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["2212-5531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2212-5531","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}}}