{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:39:51Z","timestamp":1786649991595,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium haemophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a nontuberculous mycobacterium that predominantly causes disease in immunocompromised patients. Due to some similarities, especially in terms of skin manifestations to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , disease caused by these two agents may be commonly confused with each other. Here, we describe an immunocompromised adult patient with disseminated skin lesions, prolonged cough, and progressive ocular symptoms with the initial diagnosis of leprosy but a final diagnosis of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. haemophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Clinical clues such as the pattern of skin lesions, detailed neurological examination, and concurrent involvement of other organs, combined with molecular techniques could eventually lead to the correct diagnosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_5_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T18:41:02Z","timestamp":1742496062000},"page":"77-82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Disseminated Mycobacterium haemophilum Infection after Antitumor Necrosis Factor Therapy, Misdiagnosed as Leprosy"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alireza","family":"Eskandari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afshin","family":"Moniri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1466-8645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Marjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v33i5.21","article-title":"Non-mycobacteria tuberculosis in Africa: A literature review","volume":"33","author":"Ojo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"key":"R2-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01649-w","article-title":"Mycobacterium haemophilum scleritis: Two case reports and review of literature","volume":"20","author":"Pisitpayat","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23775","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023775","article-title":"Incidence of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease and coinfection with tuberculosis in a tuberculosis-endemic region: A population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"99","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"R4-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_902_20","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial diseases","volume":"152","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R6-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08094-2","article-title":"Ocular Mycobacterium haemophilum infection originating in the cornea: A case report","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R7-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00069","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00069-18","article-title":"Cutaneous mycobacterial infections","volume":"32","author":"Franco-Paredes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R8-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00020-11","article-title":"Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Mycobacterium haemophilum infections","volume":"24","author":"Lindeboom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R9-20260423","first-page":"1291","article-title":"Mycobacterium haemophilum infection with cutaneous involvement: Two case reports and an updated literature review: Mycobacterium haemophilum skin infection","volume":"21","author":"Yasen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"R10-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01760","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01760-18","article-title":"Discrimination of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium haemophilum in clinical isolates and specimens by multiplex PCR assay and prediction of drug susceptibility","volume":"57","author":"Kitaoka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R11-20260423","first-page":"238","article-title":"Cutaneous Mycobacterium haemophilum infection involving the upper extremities: Diagnosis and management guidelines","volume":"104","author":"Sitenga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"R12-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2017.06.002","article-title":"Fifteen-year clinical experience with Mycobacterium haemophilum at the mayo clinic: A case series","volume":"8","author":"Tyner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"R13-20260423","first-page":"801","article-title":"Leprosy \u2013 An overview of clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"15","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"R14-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104475","article-title":"Mycobacterium leprae: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment options","volume":"149","author":"Mungroo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"R15-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.09.003","article-title":"Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium haemophilum co-infection in an iatrogenically immunosuppressed patient","volume":"78","author":"SoRelle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R16-20260423","first-page":"e23892","article-title":"A young female with borderline lepromatous leprosy and tuberculous lymphadenitis: A rare 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International Journal of Mycobacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_5_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:00:49Z","timestamp":1786647649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_5_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_5_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2212-5531","2212-554X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2212-5531","type":"print"},{"value":"2212-554X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-20","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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