{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T02:11:13Z","timestamp":1794276673925,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant global health issue, with posttreatment fibrosis negatively affecting pulmonary function and patient quality of life. This research investigated the processes driving post-TB pulmonary fibrosis and its impact on patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research involved a cohort of 38 pulmonary TB patients undergoing intensive treatment for 2 months. Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF\u03b2) and Small Mothers Against Decapentaplegic 3 (SMAD3) levels were quantified pre- and posttreatment using the Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay method. Fibrosis was evaluated via thoracic imaging, and lung function was assessed through spirometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TGF\u03b2 and SMAD3 levels were decreased post-treatment (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03 and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01). A significant association existed between postintervention SMAD3 levels and the occurrence of fibrosis (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03) and diminished lung function (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01). Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that post-intervention SMAD3 exhibited an area under the curve of 0.8, with a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 71%, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for fibrosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Levels of TGF\u03b2 and SMAD3 following pulmonary TB treatment are linked to fibrosis and reduced lung function. SMAD3 post-intervention may be a fibrosis biomarker in pulmonary TB patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_60_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T19:00:10Z","timestamp":1757962810000},"page":"239-245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of Small Mothers against Decapentaplegic 3 and Transforming Growth Factor Beta Levels in Relation to Lung Fibrosis and Function in Treated Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1222-7446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry Akza","family":"Putrawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irfan","family":"Idris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arif","family":"Santoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harun","family":"Iskandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainul","family":"Muttaqin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasanuddin University Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal","family":"Zaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosdiana","family":"Natzir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uleng","family":"Bahrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suryani","family":"Tawali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20250915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0258809","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258809","article-title":"Variation of tuberculosis prevalence across diagnostic approaches and geographical areas of Indonesia","volume":"16","author":"Noviyani","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R3-20250915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.22435\/hsji.v12i2.5467","article-title":"Spatial variation of tuberculosis risk in Indonesia 2010-2019","volume":"12","author":"Puspita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Sci J Indonesia"},{"key":"R5-20250915","first-page":"47","article-title":"Sex and age group differences in the spread of tuberculosis in Indonesia: An agent based modeling approach","volume":"13","author":"Suryawan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Stat Appl Comput Stat"},{"key":"R6-20250915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.544","article-title":"The correlation between levels of transforming growth factor-\u03b2 with pulmonary fibrosis in post pulmonary tuberculosis in medan, north sumatera \u2013 Indonesia","volume":"7","author":"Christine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"key":"R8-20250915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.4103\/ejb.ejb_97_18","article-title":"Gender differences in pulmonary tuberculosis in Abbassia Chest Hospital","volume":"13","author":"Safwat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt J Bronchol"},{"key":"R9-20250915","first-page":"1","article-title":"Risk factors associated with tuberculosis among men; 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