{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:19:09Z","timestamp":1792671549403,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tuberculosis and its pathogen,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    complex, are a major health challenge. The causative agent of tuberculosis is\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    complex and is transmitted through airborne droplets. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) is one of the cytokines that mediate a major role in the cellular immune response to tuberculosis and is essential for pathogen clearance, control of mycobacterial growth, and facilitation of apoptosis of infected cells. Susceptibility to tuberculosis and disease progression are influenced by environmental factors and the host\u2019s genetic predisposition. TNF polymorphisms affect disease susceptibility and patient response to drugs and treatment. Various studies have been conducted to associate TNF polymorphisms with susceptibility to tuberculosis. This activity aims to review the role of TNF-\u03b1 cytokine and the impact of its polymorphisms on the occurrence of tuberculosis and compiles recent mechanistic and epidemiological findings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_71_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T15:00:16Z","timestamp":1750431616000},"page":"89-95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Studying the Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Tumor Necrosis Factor Gene Polymorphisms on the Incidence of Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jalaledin","family":"Ghanavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 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