{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T13:19:16Z","timestamp":1783430356667,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M.tb<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) remains a leading global cause of mortality. The current Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin vaccine lacks efficacy in adults and fails to generate a long-term memory response. With the rise of multidrug-resistant strains, there is an urgent need for novel vaccines that can provide broader protection. This study aimed to design a multiepitope vaccine (MEV) targeting hallmark proteins involved in different aspects of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M.tb<\/jats:italic>\n                      virulence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four unique\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M.tb<\/jats:italic>\n                      proteins, Rv1507A (role in memory response), Rv1509 (role in phagolysosomal escape), Rv1954A (role in macrophage activation\/antigen presentation), and Rv2231A (role in persistence) were selected.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      analyses were performed to identify epitopes with high-binding affinity for Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Two MEVs were optimized for codon and were linked with adjuvants that could bind with TLR4 or TLR2 (TLR4-laterosporulin and TLR2-PorB). Physicochemical properties, allergenicity, toxicity, and structural stability were evaluated, followed by molecular docking with TLR receptors, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      cloning, and immune simulations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both MEVs exhibited favorable biophysical properties and high structural stability. Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinities with TLR2 and TLR4 receptors, suggesting a robust activation of innate and adaptive immunity. Immunological simulations predicted a potent immune response characterized by high cytokine production and memory cell differentiation. The designed MEV demonstrated approximately 90% global population coverage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The designed MEVs effectively bridge gaps in existing TB immunization by targeting multiple aspects of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M.tb<\/jats:italic>\n                      pathogenesis. These\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      leads provide a promising framework for preclinical studies, potentially moving toward a more effective clinical solution against TB.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_86_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T22:17:38Z","timestamp":1782857858000},"page":"153-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In silico Designing of a Multiepitope Vaccine using the Hallmark Proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Involved in Different Aspects of Virulence"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Haleema","family":"Fayaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and School of Bioscience and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waseem","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and School of Bioscience and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gauri","family":"Shrivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and School of Bioscience and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivangi","family":"Prandiyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and School of Bioscience and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasreen Z.","family":"Ehtesham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and School of Bioscience and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed E.","family":"Hasnain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and School of Bioscience and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"},{"name":"Department of Biochemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0273-4174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anwar","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and School of Bioscience and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"},{"name":"Department of School of Bioscience and Technology, DST-FIST, 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