{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T08:05:58Z","timestamp":1779696358268,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyclotron technology plays a pivotal role in nuclear medicine, enabling the production of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostics and therapies. Despite its benefits, its application entails significant ethical challenges, particularly regarding patient safety, environmental protection, and compliance with regulatory standards. This article provides a detailed comparative analysis of the ethical landscape surrounding cyclotron use, highlighting key differences and alignments between Indian and international regulatory frameworks. The article examines ethical issues such as radiation exposure risks to patients, emphasizing safeguards such as as low as reasonably achievable principles and informed consent. It also explores the responsible use of radioactive materials in clinical and research contexts, along with specific measures for mitigating environmental contamination, such as waste management protocols and emission controls. A comprehensive review of India\u2019s regulatory frameworks, including the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board and the Department of Atomic Energy, is juxtaposed with international standards set by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Health Organization. The roles of these regulatory bodies are clarified, focusing on their mandates, overlaps, and potential conflicts in guideline interpretation. The article also underscores the critical role of institutional ethics committees in implementing ethical guidelines, monitoring compliance, and ensuring adherence to both national and international standards. By comparing ethical norms, the analysis identifies gaps in oversight and provides actionable recommendations for harmonizing protocols across jurisdictions. This study emphasizes the need for robust ethical frameworks in cyclotron technology to enhance patient safety, protect the environment, and ensure regulatory compliance. Such integration fosters trust and accountability while advancing nuclear medicine research and clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijnm.ijnm_146_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T02:00:35Z","timestamp":1751248835000},"page":"51-61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethical Landscape of Cyclotron Technology in Nuclear Medicine: A Comparative Analysis of National and International Guidelines"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Nadeem","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology (Clinical Pharmacology), Sri Aurobindo Medical College & PG Institute, Sri Aurobindo University, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250701","first-page":"56","article-title":"The role of cyclotron technology in modern nuclear medicine: Applications in diagnostic imaging","volume":"35","author":"Koch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucl Med Rep"},{"key":"R2-20250701","first-page":"435","article-title":"Advances in cyclotron-based radiopharmaceuticals for cancer imaging and therapy","volume":"61","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"R3-20250701","first-page":"1121","article-title":"PET imaging with cyclotron-produced isotopes: A clinical perspective","volume":"46","author":"McKie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"R4-20250701","first-page":"129","article-title":"Targeted therapies with cyclotron-produced radiopharmaceuticals in cancer treatment","volume":"22","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"R5-20250701","first-page":"102","article-title":"The role of cyclotron in diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases: A future perspective","volume":"29","author":"Chakravarty","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"R6-20250701","first-page":"75","article-title":"Mobile cyclotron units: Expanding healthcare access in rural India","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Technol Innov"},{"key":"R7-20250701","first-page":"115","article-title":"Radiation safety protocols in mobile cyclotron applications","volume":"25","author":"Yadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiat Saf J"},{"key":"R8-20250701","first-page":"29","article-title":"Environmental considerations in the use of mobile cyclotron units","volume":"82","author":"Rai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Environ Health"},{"key":"R35-20250701","article-title":"Radiation Safety in Cyclotron Facilities","year":"2018","journal-title":"NSC Radiation Safety Report"},{"key":"R37-20250701","article-title":"Radiation Safety and Protection: Best Practices in Cyclotron Use","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACR- RSNA Guidelines"},{"key":"R38-20250701","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cyclotron technology and its ethical considerations in India","volume":"45","author":"Patil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nucl Med Radiol"},{"key":"R39-20250701","first-page":"11","article-title":"Mobile cyclotrons: Challenges and opportunities in rural healthcare","volume":"62","author":"Batra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"R40-20250701","article-title":"Safety Protocols for Cyclotron Usage in Nuclear Medicine","year":"2020","journal-title":"INFN Safety Guidelines"},{"key":"R42-20250701","first-page":"130","article-title":"Ethics of cyclotron use in nuclear medicine: National and international perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioeth J"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Nuclear Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/ijnm.ijnm_146_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T07:38:28Z","timestamp":1779694708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijnm.co.in\/ethical-landscape-of-cyclotron-technology-in-nuclear-medicine-a-comparative-analysis-of-national-and-international-guidelines\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijnm.ijnm_146_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-3919","0974-0244"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-3919","type":"print"},{"value":"0974-0244","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-19","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-15","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}