{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T08:17:55Z","timestamp":1788164275302,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy of the eyelids. Dysregulated cholesterol metabolism has been found to be involved in pathogenesis of various cancers including glioblastoma, breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancer. The role of cholesterol metabolism in SGC and its molecular characterization remains unexplored. This study evaluates the clinical significance of the expression of a key enzyme involved in cholesterol metabolism, acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) in eyelid SGC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cohort of 50 eyelid SGC cases diagnosed over a period of 12 years were selected. Cholesterol quantification, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and real-time PCR to determine the protein and mRNA expression of ACAT were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Increased concentration of total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters was observed in SGC tumor tissues. Overexpression of ACAT1 at protein and mRNA levels was observed in 66% of the eyelid SGC patients. Significant association of high ACAT1 mRNA expression was observed in patients with lymph node metastasis (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03) and advanced (III\/IV) tumor stage (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02). SGC patients with a high ACAT immunoexpression also had reduced disease-free survival.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overexpression of ACAT1 is a frequent event in the pathogenesis of eyelid SGC and is associated with high risk clinicopathological features. It could serve as a reliable poor prognostic biomarker.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1030_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T08:00:27Z","timestamp":1788163227000},"page":"1325-1330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cholesterol metabolism dysregulation in eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma and its clinical significance"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Sahar","family":"Rafat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Pathology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Pathology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunzang","family":"Chosdol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer","family":"Bakhshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. B. R. A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Kashyap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Pathology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelam","family":"Pushker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313285","article-title":"Vimentin overexpression as a novel poor prognostic biomarker in eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma","volume":"104","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R2-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2056_18","article-title":"Evaluation of PD-L1 and PD-1 expression in aggressive eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma and its clinical significance","volume":"67","author":"Jayaraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000105","article-title":"Sebaceous carcinoma of the ocular region: The 2014 professor winifred mao lecture","volume":"4","author":"Shields","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"key":"R4-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.10.4","article-title":"Recurrence in eyelid sebaceous carcinoma: A multicentric study of 418 patients","volume":"65","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R5-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.18231\/j.ijooo.2023.013","article-title":"Recent updates on the management of ocular sebaceous gland carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Maurya","year":"2023","journal-title":"IP Int J Ocul Oncol Oculoplasty"},{"key":"R6-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0432-0","article-title":"The practice patterns in the management of sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid in the Asia Pacific region","volume":"33","author":"Cheung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R7-20260831","first-page":"25","article-title":"Sebaceous carcinoma of lid: A great clinical mimic","volume":"4","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Sci Health"},{"key":"R9-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.25259\/LAJO_6_2021","article-title":"Sebaceous gland carcinoma of ocular region in India: A brief literature review for disease management","volume":"4","author":"Srivastava","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lat Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R10-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e086213","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-086213","article-title":"Eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinicopathological studies of prevalence","volume":"14","author":"Thagaard","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R11-20260831","first-page":"38","article-title":"[Clinical and pathological analysis of 2639 cases of eyelid tumors]","volume":"44","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi Chin J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R12-20260831","first-page":"1835","article-title":"A retrospective study of 2228 cases with eyelid tumors","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R13-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.76","article-title":"The interplay between cell signalling and the mevalonate pathway in cancer","volume":"16","author":"Mullen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"R14-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-09476-6","article-title":"Assessment of the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of ACAT1 and CE levels in plasma, peritoneal fluid and tumor tissue of epithelial ovarian cancer patients-A pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Ayyagari","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"R15-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200750","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202200750","article-title":"Aberrant cholesterol metabolism and Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin signaling coalesce via Frizzled5 in supporting cancer growth","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"R16-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1089\/pancan.2021.0002","article-title":"Cholesterol and CDON regulate sonic hedgehog release from pancreatic cancer cells","volume":"7","author":"Alexander","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pancreat Cancer"},{"key":"R17-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1411-9","article-title":"SCP2-mediated cholesterol membrane trafficking promotes the growth of pituitary adenomas via Hedgehog signaling activation","volume":"38","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"R18-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M407941200","article-title":"KLF11-mediated repression antagonizes Sp1\/Sterol-responsive element-binding protein-induced transcriptional activation of caveolin-1 in response to cholesterol signaling *","volume":"280","author":"Cao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R19-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-008-9209-7","article-title":"Caveolin-1 overexpression correlates with tumour progression markers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"40","author":"Tanase","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mol Histol"},{"key":"R20-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604243","article-title":"Combined expression of caveolin-1 and an activated AKT\/mTOR pathway predicts reduced disease-free survival in clinically confined renal cell carcinoma","volume":"98","author":"Campbell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"R21-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9389","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.24.9389-9404.2003","article-title":"Caveolin-1 maintains activated Akt in prostate cancer cells through scaffolding domain binding site interactions with and inhibition of serine\/threonine protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"R22-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0454-7","article-title":"Eyelid sebaceous carcinoma: Validation of the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on cancer T staging system and the prognostic factors for local recurrence, nodal metastasis, and survival","volume":"33","author":"Hsia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R23-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15204","article-title":"Eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma, validation of AJCC 8th edition T staging- A retrospective study from North India","volume":"101","author":"Sen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R24-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1039\/D0MO00125B","article-title":"Integrated proteomics and phosphoproteomics reveal perturbed regulative pathways in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Omics"},{"key":"R25-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12110","article-title":"Interobserver agreement in the reporting of colorectal polyp pathology among bowel cancer screening pathologists in Wales","volume":"62","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"R26-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20211706","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20211706","article-title":"Correlation of ER, PR, and HER2 at the protein and mRNA levels in Asian patients with operable breast cancer","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"R27-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2297-3","article-title":"Lipid droplets: Platforms with multiple functions in cancer hallmarks","volume":"11","author":"Cruz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"R28-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763283","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/763283","article-title":"The role of lipid rafts in cancer cell adhesion and migration","volume":"2012","author":"Murai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Cell Biol"},{"key":"R29-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05987-7","article-title":"SQLE promotes pancreatic cancer growth by attenuating ER stress and activating lipid rafts-regulated Src\/PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"R30-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276654","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1276654","article-title":"Cholesterol in colorectal cancer: An essential but tumorigenic precursor?","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"R31-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6378","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2016.168","article-title":"Abrogating cholesterol esterification suppresses growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"R32-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395192","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1395192","article-title":"Targeting ACAT1 in cancer: From threat to treatment","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"R33-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605154","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.605154","article-title":"The lipid metabolic landscape of cancers and new therapeutic perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"R34-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02426-0","article-title":"Targeting lipid metabolism: novel insights and therapeutic advances in pancreatic cancer treatment","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"R35-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-011-9405-9","article-title":"Migration of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells depends on the availability of exogenous lipids and cholesterol esterification","volume":"28","author":"Antalis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Exp Metastasis"},{"key":"R36-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-025-05617-9","article-title":"Dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis in cancer pathogenesis","volume":"82","author":"Mordzi\u0144ska-Rak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"R37-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.2.4","article-title":"Integrated whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing indicated dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism in eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"R38-20260831","first-page":"44","article-title":"Bioinformatics analysis of the microRNA-mRNA network in sebaceous gland carcinoma of the eyelid","volume":"23","author":"Hirano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"R39-20260831","first-page":"5603","article-title":"The transcription factor SREBP-1 as a novel marker for sebaceous cell carcinoma of the eyelid","volume":"59","author":"Graue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R40-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0567","article-title":"Acetyl-CoA metabolism supports multi-step pancreatic tumorigenesis","volume":"9","author":"Carrer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"R41-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1469-5","article-title":"Intratumor cholesteryl ester accumulation is associated with human breast cancer proliferation and aggressive potential: A molecular and clinicopathological study","volume":"15","author":"de Gonzalo-Calvo","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"R42-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449525","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1449525","article-title":"From mitochondria to tumor suppression: ACAT1\u2019s crucial role in gastric cancer","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R43-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667673","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.667673","article-title":"Epigenetic inactivation of Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 promotes the proliferation and metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by blocking ketogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"R44-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2025.106820","article-title":"Cholesterol acyltransferase-1: A novel diagnostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for cancer","volume":"253","author":"Mao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"R45-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2024.102043","article-title":"ACAT1 suppresses clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression by AMPK mediated fatty acid metabolism","volume":"47","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Oncol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_1030_26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T08:00:33Z","timestamp":1788163233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_1030_26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1030_26","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-13","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-12","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}