{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T15:20:50Z","timestamp":1792855250628,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the fluoroquinolone resistance pattern and trends among bacterial isolates from ocular infections over a 16-year period and explore alternative antibiotics in fluoroquinolone-resistant strains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective, longitudinal study, the microbiology laboratory records of patients with different ocular infections diagnosed at an eye institute in central India from 2005\u20132020 were reviewed to determine the pattern of fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin) resistance. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby\u2013Bauer disc diffusion method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 725 Gram-positive bacteria, the resistance of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin was 55.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 52.2 \u2013 59.6), 42.7% (95% CI: 39.0 \u2013 46.4), 47.6% (95% CI: 43.9 \u2013 51.3), and 45.6% (95% CI: 41.7\u201349.5), respectively. In 266 Gram-negative bacteria, the resistance of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin was 57.9% (95% CI: 51.9 \u2013 63.9), 56.0% (95% CI: 49.7 \u2013 62.1), 59.9% (95% CI: 53.8 \u2013 66.0), and 74.3% (95% CI: 68.3 \u2013 80.2), respectively. A declining trend in resistance to ciprofloxacin (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), ofloxacin (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), and moxifloxacin (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) was seen in Gram-positive bacteria, whereas a reduction in resistance to only moxifloxacin (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04) was seen in Gram-negative bacteria. In fluoroquinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, cefuroxime exhibited the highest susceptibility, whereas in fluoroquinolone-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, colistin exhibited the highest susceptibility.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fluoroquinolone resistance was high among bacteria from ocular infections in central India, but a declining trend in resistance to some of the fluoroquinolones was observed in recent times. Cefuroxime and colistin emerged as alternatives in fluoroquinolone-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1033_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T08:53:31Z","timestamp":1670316811000},"page":"4391-4398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Fluoroquinolone resistance in bacterial isolates from ocular infections: Trend in antibiotic susceptibility patterns between 2005-2020"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Samrat","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepshikha","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharad N","family":"Gomase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swapnil M","family":"Parchand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitreo-Retina Services, MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil B","family":"Gangwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitreo-Retina Services, MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihir","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology Services, MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"R1-20251006","first-page":"S73","article-title":"Fluoroquinolones:Mechanism of action, classification, and development of resistance. 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isolates from patients with microbial keratitis:A trend analysis of 8 years","volume":"67","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R14-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_678_19","article-title":"Bacterial isolates in microbial keratitis:Three-year trend analysis from north India","volume":"67","author":"Acharya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R16-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/112067211002000207","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of bacterial keratitis isolates to fourth-generation fluoroquinolones","volume":"20","author":"Chawla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R17-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1086\/319369","article-title":"Mechanisms responsible for cross-resistance and dichotomous resistance among the 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