{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:06:28Z","timestamp":1790996788985,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the causes of visual impairment and blindness in children in all the schools for the blind in eight northeastern states and to determine its temporal trend, and to analyze the result with reference to various regional epidemiological data on childhood blindness in India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children aged \u226416 years, with a visual acuity of \u22646\/18 in the better eye, attending 17 schools for the blind were examined between November 2018 and March 2020. WHO protocol and reporting format was used for the evaluation, diagnosis, and classification of the causes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Out of 465 eligible study participants, 93.76% were blind and only 12.26% of causes were avoidable. Anatomical causes of childhood blindness were whole globe (43.2%), cornea (17.20%), optic nerve (12.04%), retina (9.68%), and lens (9.46%). Etiological causes were unknown (52.69%), hereditary (26.02%), intrauterine (15.05%), and 26.08% had blinding congenital ocular abnormality (s). Regional temporal trend revealed a decrease in corneal and childhood causes and an increase in retina, optic nerve, hereditary, and intrauterine causes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A constellation of causes were differentiable but matched with the overall emerging trend of childhood blindness in India. Higher corneal, unavoidable, and unknown causes suggest a region-specific action plan for controlling childhood blindness as well as rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1038_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T06:00:43Z","timestamp":1640584843000},"page":"214-222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Changing pattern of childhood blindness in eight North-Eastern states and review of the epidemiological data of childhood blindness of India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Harsha","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Ophthalmology, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damaris","family":"Magdalene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Ophthalmology, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henal Jagdip","family":"Javeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Ophthalmology, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suklengmung","family":"Buragohain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Ophthalmology, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyam Sundar Das","family":"Mohapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Ophthalmology, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohit","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Ophthalmology, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.3.322","article-title":"Vision impairment predicts 5 year mortality","volume":"88","author":"Mc Carty","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B2-20240828","first-page":"227","article-title":"Childhood blindness in the context of VISION 2020 \u2013The right to sight","volume":"79","author":"Gilbert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"B3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)80239-6","article-title":"A global initiative for the elimination of avoidable blindness","volume":"125","author":"Thylefors","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2076_18","article-title":"Prevalnce and causes of childhood blindness in India:A systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Wadhwani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Opthalmol"},{"key":"B7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e895","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0498","article-title":"Improving detection of blindness in childhood:The British childhood vision impairment study","volume":"126","author":"Rahi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B8-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.3.263","article-title":"childhood blindness in India:A population-based perspective","volume":"87","author":"Dandona","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00421-5","article-title":"The Kariapatti pediatric eye evaluation project:Baseline ophthalmic data of children age 15 years or younger in southern India","volume":"136","author":"Nirmalan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580801977668","article-title":"Childhood blindness in a rural population of southern India. prevalence and etiology","volume":"15","author":"Dorairaj","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"B11-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2015.1090003","article-title":"Prevalence of childhood blindness and ocular morbidity in a rural pediatric population in Southern India:The Pavagada pediatric eye disease study-1","volume":"23","author":"Kemmanu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"B12-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0142-z","article-title":"Emerging trends in childhood blindness and ocular morbidity in India:The Pavagada pediatric eye disease study 2","volume":"32","author":"Kemmanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"B13-20240828","first-page":"270","volume":"4","author":"Mohan","year":"1966","journal-title":"Oriental Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B14-20240828","first-page":"161","article-title":"Changing pattern of blindness in blind school residents in India","volume":"32","author":"Dada","year":"1984","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B15-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1993.39","article-title":"Cause of childhood blindness:Result from West Africa, South India and Chile","volume":"7","author":"Gilbert","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"B16-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1995.137","article-title":"Childhood blindness in India:Causes in 1318 blind school students in nine states","volume":"9","author":"Rahi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"B17-20240828","first-page":"195","article-title":"Evaluation of children in six blind schools of Andhra Pradesh","volume":"48","author":"Hornby","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B18-20240828","first-page":"227","article-title":"Childhood blindness Right to Sight","volume":"79","author":"Gilbert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"B19-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.8.941","article-title":"Causes and temporal trends of (temporal) blindness and severe visual impairment in schools for the blind in North India","volume":"87","author":"Titiyal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.094433","article-title":"Changing pattern of childhood blindness in Maharashtra, India","volume":"91","author":"Gogate","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B21-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.43368","article-title":"Causes of childhood blindness in the northeastern states of India","volume":"56","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2008","journal-title":"India J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B22-20240828","first-page":"12","article-title":"Blindness in childhood in developing countries. Time for a reassessment?","volume":"6","author":"Gogote","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"B23-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.88","article-title":"A survey of severe visual impairment in children attending schools for the blind in a costal district of Andhra Pradesh in South India","volume":"26","author":"Krishnaiah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"B24-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4103\/2320-3897.130539","article-title":"Improving vision loss in school for the blind students with low vision aids in Pune, India","volume":"2","author":"Israfil","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Ophthalmol Res"},{"key":"B25-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.156930","article-title":"Visual impairment and blindness among the students of blind schools in Allahabad and its vicinity:A casual assessment","volume":"63","author":"Bhalerao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B26-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-3933.ijam20151011","article-title":"Avoidable blindness and its correction in schools for the blind in Gujarat, India","volume":"2","author":"Danayak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Adv Med"},{"key":"B27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_294_17","article-title":"Ocular morbidity pattern among children in school for the blind in Chennai","volume":"65","author":"Prakash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1251_17","article-title":"Clinical profile of childhood blindness and in appropriate enrolment of children in schools for visually impaired in Uttar Pradesh, India","volume":"66","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B29-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_923_19","article-title":"Causes of vision impairment and blindness among children in schools for the blind in south Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana","volume":"68","author":"Panda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B31-20240828","first-page":"485","article-title":"Childhood blindness. A new form for recording causes of visual loss in children","volume":"71","author":"Gilbert","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"B32-20240828","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of consanguineous marriage and its types in India:Evidence from the National Family Health Survey, 2015-2016","volume":"9","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"key":"B33-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04243-3","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B35-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532","article-title":"Epidemiology of blindness in children","volume":"102","author":"Solebo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1038_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:52:06Z","timestamp":1787755926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1038_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1038_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-30","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-13","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}