{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:17:00Z","timestamp":1791346620824,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the usefulness of a low-volume multiplex direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in identifying pathogens in intraocular fluid in infectious uveitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective interventional non-comparative study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At a tertiary hospital, the study included 57 participants with active and presumed infectious uveitis and 47 controls (24 active and presumed non-infectious uveitis and 23 non-uveitic conditions). Among the presumed infectious uveitis, there were anterior (38.6%), posterior (19.3%) herpetic uveitis, ocular toxoplasmosis (35.1%), and others (7.0%). Samples (20 \u00b5L; 98 aqueous\/6 vitreous humors) were analyzed by multiplex direct-strip PCR. It detected six herpesviruses, human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PCR positivity was 35.1%, with detection of herpesviruses [Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), n = 3; cytomegalovirus, n = 2; human herpesvirus 6, n = 2; human herpes virus 1, human herpesvirus 2, varicella zoster virus (VZV), n = 1 for each],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n = 9), and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and HTLV-I\/II in one sample each. All EBV-positive cases had another primary diagnosis (toxoplasmosis or VZV retinitis). Four presumed herpetic infectious uveitis cases turned out to be non-infectious uveitis, including one intraocular lymphoma diagnosis. Presumed posterior herpetic uveitis (n = 3) and ocular syphilis (n = 1) turned out to be ocular toxoplasmosis, whereas one presumed ocular toxoplasmosis turned out to be posterior herpetic uveitis. PCR changed the initial diagnoses in 17.5% of cases. All control samples were PCR-negative.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Direct-strip PCR may contribute to identifying the etiology of infectious uveitis by using limited sample volumes, no DNA extraction step, with rapid results and testing simultaneously for multiple pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1135_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T13:00:35Z","timestamp":1769346035000},"page":"234-239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Low-volume multiplex solid-phase PCR without DNA extraction for etiological diagnosis of infectious uveitis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Ferracioli-Oda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele Soares Gomes","family":"Gouvea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Renato Rebello","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f4nica","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Laboratory, Heart Institute, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Jos\u00e9 Martins","family":"Bispo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Infectious Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Hirata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce Hisae","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492004000100025","article-title":"Causes of uveitis in a tertiary center in S\u00e3o Paulo city, Brazil","volume":"67","author":"Gouveia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"R2-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.114092","article-title":"Algorithmic approach in the diagnosis of uveitis","volume":"61","author":"Rathinam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2015.1132741","article-title":"Uveitis in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil: 1053 New Patients in 15 Months","volume":"25","author":"Gonzalez Fernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R4-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.10.010","article-title":"Uveitis: Diagnostic work-up. A literature review and recommendations from an expert committee","volume":"16","author":"S\u00e8ve","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"R5-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2023.01.006","article-title":"Stepwise approach for fundus imaging in the diagnosis and management of posterior uveitis","volume":"68","author":"Agarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R6-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-1549(02)00037-8","article-title":"Testing ocular fluids in uveitis","volume":"15","author":"Bodaghi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Clin North Am"},{"key":"R7-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.05.014","article-title":"Usefulness of aqueous humor analysis for the diagnosis of posterior uveitis","volume":"115","author":"Rothova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R8-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1498","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2020\/e1498","article-title":"Usefulness of aqueous and vitreous humor analysis in infectious uveitis","volume":"75","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"R9-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.10.031","article-title":"Evaluation of a Multiplex Strip PCR test for infectious uveitis: A prospective multicenter study","volume":"213","author":"Nakano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R10-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.09.028","article-title":"Multiplex solid-phase real-time polymerase chain reaction without DNA extraction: A Rapid intraoperative diagnosis using microvolumes","volume":"128","author":"Nakano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R11-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.057","article-title":"Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop","volume":"140","author":"Jabs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R12-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2019.1620803","article-title":"Real-time multiplex PCR analysis in infectious uveitis","volume":"34","author":"Minkus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R13-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2017.08.002","article-title":"Development and evaluation of multiplex real-time PCR for diagnosis of HSV-1, VZV, CMV, and Toxoplasma gondii in patients with infectious uveitis","volume":"89","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R14-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2012.730653","article-title":"Findings in detection of Herpesviridae by polymerase chain reaction and intraocular antibody production in a case series of anterior uveitis","volume":"21","author":"Errera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R15-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10988","article-title":"The impact of aqueous humor polymerase chain reaction and serological test results for establishing infectious uveitis diagnosis: An Indonesian experience","volume":"8","author":"Putera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"R16-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.12.008","article-title":"The diagnostic utility of anterior chamber paracentesis with polymerase chain reaction in anterior uveitis","volume":"155","author":"Anwar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R17-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2015.1115081","article-title":"Correlation of clinical outcomes with quantitative polymerase chain reaction DNA copy number in patients with acute retinal necrosis","volume":"25","author":"Calvo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R18-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.3.996-1001.2000","article-title":"Early aqueous humor analysis in patients with human ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"38","author":"Garweg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R19-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.07.004","article-title":"Diagnostic approaches to severe, atypical toxoplasmosis mimicking acute retinal necrosis","volume":"111","author":"Moshfeghi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R20-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-023-00366-x","article-title":"False negative result of polymerase chain reaction in very early stages of acute retinal necrosis","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"R21-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.133967","article-title":"Use of multiplex PCR and real-time PCR to detect human herpes virus genome in ocular fluids of patients with uveitis","volume":"92","author":"Sugita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R22-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545149","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/545149","article-title":"The value of routine polymerase chain reaction analysis of intraocular fluid specimens in the diagnosis of infectious posterior uveitis","volume":"2013","author":"Scheepers","year":"2013","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"R23-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-021-00276-w","article-title":"The impact of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on diagnosis and management of infectious uveitis at a tertiary care facility","volume":"12","author":"Fallon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"R24-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.01.021","article-title":"An all-in-one highly multiplexed diagnostic assay for rapid, sensitive, and comprehensive detection of intraocular pathogens","volume":"250","author":"Bispo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R25-20260420","first-page":"3022","article-title":"Importance of repeated aqueous humor analyses in suspected viral anterior uveitis using polymerase chain reaction","volume":"65","author":"Yoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R26-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1776883","article-title":"Comparison of intraocular antibody measurement, quantitative pathogen pcr, and metagenomic deep sequencing of aqueous humor in secondary glaucoma associated with anterior segment uveitis","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R27-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1451_20","article-title":"Ocular tuberculosis. Where are we today?","volume":"68","author":"Testi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_1135_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:00:46Z","timestamp":1786647646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_1135_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1135_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-05","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-28","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}