{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:02:52Z","timestamp":1787169772769,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among different ethnic groups of North-East India and to study the associated risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this hospital based cross sectional study 7,133 individuals among the age group of 20-79 years, attending the OPD, were screened for presence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) (HbA1c &gt;7% or previously diagnosed). Among them, 780 (10.94%) had diabetes; they were evaluated for presence of any retinopathy (based on fundus photograph and fluorescein angiography), its grade (based on International DR severity scale), and risk factors. DR patients were further grouped into different ethnicities (Assamese, Bengali, minor tribes, and other immigrants).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 780 patients with diabetes, 58 patients had type 1 DM and 722 patients had type 2 DM. The overall prevalence of DR was 30.0% with vision-threatening retinopathy and maculopathy being 10.00% and 4.49%, respectively. The prevalence of retinopathy range was the highest in the immigrants\u2019 group (50.00% among type 1 DM and 44.93% among type 2 DM) and lowest in the tribal\u2019s groups (16.67% among type 1 DM and 22.35% among type 2 DM). The risk factors showing significant association with DR were longer diabetes duration, older age, family history of diabetes, higher HbA1c level, associated hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and pregnancy state (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value &lt;0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Every third patient with diabetes had some form of DR with Vision Threatening DR (VTDR) affecting every tenth patient. There was also a wide variation in the prevalence of DR among ethnic groups and this difference could not be attributed to variation in the known measurable risk factors among different ethnic groups, thus signifying the role of ethnicity in occurrence and severity of DR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1144_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T12:37:01Z","timestamp":1636634221000},"page":"3132-3137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in self-reported diabetics among various ethnic groups and associated risk factors in North-East India: A hospital-based study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Harsh V","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Retina-Vitreous, Aravind Eye Hospital, Pondicherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubhra","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Ophthalmology Regional Institue of Ophthalmology, Guwahati, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipali C","family":"Deka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Ophthalmology Regional Institue of Ophthalmology, Guwahati, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iva R","family":"Kalita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Aravind Eye Hospital, Pondicherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045:Results from the International diabetes federation diabetes atlas, 9 edition","volume":"157","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0225","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy in 2011:Further insights from new epidemiological studies and clinical trials","volume":"34","author":"Lamoureux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B3-20240828","first-page":"1217","article-title":"The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"112","author":"Klein","year":"1994","journal-title":"XIV. Ten-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-015-0026-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and related vision loss","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)"},{"issue":"21","key":"B5-20240828","first-page":"00321","article-title":"Global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and projection of burden through 2045:Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"S0161-6420","author":"Teo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B6-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1909","article-title":"Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"35","author":"Yau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1995.tb00407.x","article-title":"Development and progression of diabetic retinopathy:adolescents at risk","volume":"12","author":"Bonney","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"B9-20240828","first-page":"233","article-title":"Risk factors for high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy and severe visual loss:Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study report 18","volume":"39","author":"Davis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000005","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2013-000005","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in rural India. Sankara Nethralaya diabetic retinopathy epidemiology and molecular genetic study III (SN-DREAMS III), report no 2","volume":"2","author":"Raman","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"B11-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.178144","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in India:The All India ophthalmological society diabetic retinopathy eye screening study 2014","volume":"64","author":"Gadkari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B12-20240828","first-page":"7","article-title":"Diabetic non diabetic maculopathy-A new entity","volume":"38","author":"Azad","year":"1990","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00475-5","article-title":"Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales","volume":"110","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B15-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(96)01215-6","article-title":"Vascular complications in long term South Indian NIDDM of over 25 years duration","volume":"31","author":"Mohan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B17-20240828","first-page":"101","article-title":"Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in urban population of Ahmedabad, Gujarat","volume":"2","author":"Nayak","year":"2011","journal-title":"India J Med Specialities"},{"key":"B19-20240828","first-page":"75","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and influencing factors amongst type II diabetics from Central India","volume":"24","author":"Gupta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries"},{"key":"B20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0019","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in urban India:The Chennai urban rural epidemiology study (CURES) eye study, I","volume":"46","author":"Rema","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B21-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.552","article-title":"The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among adults in the United States","volume":"122","author":"Kempen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B22-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.09.010","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in India:Sankara Nethralaya diabetic retinopathy epidemiology and molecular genetics study report 2","volume":"116","author":"Raman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B23-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.67.11.759","article-title":"Prevalence and 15-year incidence of retinopathy and associated characteristics in middle-aged and elderly diabetic men","volume":"67","author":"Yanko","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B24-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291401","article-title":"The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in IDDM","volume":"329","author":"Nathan","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B25-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07019-6","article-title":"Intensive blood glucose control with sulfonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33)","volume":"352","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B26-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1989.00390110033008","article-title":"Is blood pressure a predictor of the incidence or progression of diabetic retinopathy?","volume":"149","author":"Klein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808431","article-title":"Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes","volume":"360","author":"Duckworth","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.8.1954","article-title":"Ethnicity, race, and baseline retinopathy correlates in the veterans affairs diabetes trial","volume":"28","author":"Emanuele","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B29-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0683","article-title":"Ethnic differences in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in persons with diabetes when first presenting at a diabetes clinic in South Africa","volume":"36","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B30-20240828","first-page":"188","article-title":"Characteristics of diabetic retinopathy patients at initial presentation","volume":"51","author":"Tan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"key":"B31-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32182","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032182","article-title":"Ethnic variations in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in people with diabetes attending screening in the United Kingdom (DRIVE UK)","volume":"7","author":"Sivaprasad","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1144_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:12:46Z","timestamp":1787166766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1144_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1144_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-05-07","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-09","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}