{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:21:41Z","timestamp":1787761301816,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate topographical and within-day changes in the choroidal vascularity index and its association with choroidal thickness parameters (total, luminal, and stromal thickness) among young adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Choroidal thickness and vascularity index were measured in 28 healthy young adults (age mean \u00b1 standard deviation [SD]: 25 \u00b1 3.0) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Participants were divided into three refractive groups: emmetropes, myopes, and high myopes. Choroidal parameters were evaluated in the macular and peripheral regions in the superior and inferior regions at two time points during the day; in the morning (at 7 am) and in the afternoon (at 1 pm).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All investigated choroidal thickness parameters showed a significant topographical variation across the vertical meridian, between the foveal (270 \u00b1 89 \u03bcm, 170 \u00b1 45 \u03bcm, and 111 \u00b1 47 \u03bcm, respectively) and peripheral (246 \u00b1 68 \u03bcm, 160 \u00b1 39 \u03bcm, 86 \u00b1 36 \u03bcm, respectively). The superior choroid was thicker in all thickness parameters compared to the inferior choroid. A significant increase in the vascularity percentage was seen from the fovea (61.8 \u00b1 7%) toward the periphery (66.4 \u00b1 7%). Thinner choroidal parameters were associated with high myopia, whereas an increase in the vascularity index was observed in high myopes. Significant within-day changes were observed in all choroidal thickness parameters, which were slightly reduced in the afternoon. The choroidal vascularity index (CVI) increased from 61.3 \u00b1 5.3% in the morning and 63.2 \u00b1 5.8% in the afternoon. High myopes exhibited reduced within-day amplitude in stromal thickness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All parameters showed significant regional variations. Myopia is associated with greater thinning in stromal thickness rather than vascular thickness. Only high myopes experienced reduced within-day change amplitudes in stromal choroidal thickness that was more predominant in the foveal and parafoveal regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1268_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T09:14:27Z","timestamp":1672910067000},"page":"166-173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Within-day changes in luminal, stromal choroidal thickness, and choroidal vascularity index in healthy adults"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Muteb K","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7364","article-title":"Diurnal variations in axial length, choroidal thickness, intraocular pressure, and ocular biometrics","volume":"52","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4573","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S334619","article-title":"Regional distribution of choroidal thickness and diurnal variation in choroidal thickness and axial length in young adults","volume":"15","author":"Alanazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-26711","article-title":"Ocular and systemic diurnal rhythms in emmetropic and myopic adults","volume":"60","author":"Burfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.3.25","article-title":"Changes in retinal optical coherence tomography angiography indexes over 24 hours","volume":"63","author":"Lal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002","article-title":"The multifunctional choroid","volume":"29","author":"Nickla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"R6-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8782","article-title":"Diurnal variation of choroidal thickness in normal, healthy subjects measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"53","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8383","article-title":"Circadian changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness and the relationship with circulatory factors in healthy subjects","volume":"53","author":"Usui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R8-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.03.005","article-title":"Luminal and stromal areas of choroid determined by binarization method of optical coherence tomographic images","volume":"159","author":"Sonoda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21090","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21090","article-title":"Choroidal vascularity index as a measure of vascular status of the choroid:Measurements in healthy eyes from a population-based study","volume":"6","author":"Agrawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0207435","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207435","article-title":"Choroidal structural analysis in eyes with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema\u2014a novel OCT based imaging biomarker","volume":"13","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R11-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18511-7","article-title":"Choroidal vascularity index in type-2 diabetes analyzed by swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R12-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0213336","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213336","article-title":"Choroidal vascular index in patients with open angle glaucoma and preperimetric glaucoma","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R13-20240828","first-page":"348","article-title":"Choroidal structure in eyes with drusen and reticular pseudodrusen determined by binarisation of optical coherence tomographic images","volume":"101","author":"Corvi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002434","article-title":"Choroidal thickness and vascularity vary with disease severity and subretinal drusenoid deposit presence in nonadvanced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"40","author":"Keenan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R15-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002459","article-title":"Choroidal vascularity index quantification in geographic atrophy using binarization of enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomographic scans","volume":"40","author":"Giannaccare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R16-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12875","article-title":"Wide-field choroidal thickness and vascularity index in myopes and emmetropes","volume":"41","author":"Yazdani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"R17-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.4.002795","article-title":"Automatic segmentation of choroidal thickness in optical coherence tomography","volume":"4","author":"Alonso-Caneiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"R18-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000464","article-title":"Macular retinal layer thickness in childhood","volume":"35","author":"Read","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R19-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39653-w","article-title":"Wide-field choroidal thickness in myopes and emmetropes","volume":"9","author":"Hoseini-Yazdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7738","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6925","article-title":"Shadow removal and contrast enhancement in optical coherence tomography images of the human optic nerve head","volume":"52","author":"Girard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest OpthalmolVis Sci"},{"key":"R21-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-306969","article-title":"The effect of consumption of ethanol on subfoveal choroidal thickness in acute phase","volume":"100","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R22-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3109\/15569527.2014.912659","article-title":"The effect of caffeine on choroidal thickness in young healthy subjects","volume":"34","author":"Zengin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cutan Ocul Toxicol"},{"key":"R23-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7578","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12772","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in myopic and nonmyopic children assessed with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography","volume":"54","author":"Read","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R24-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.06.009","article-title":"Asymmetry of choroidal venous vascular patterns in the human eye","volume":"111","author":"Mori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R25-20240828","first-page":"3799","article-title":"High-resolution histologic analysis of the human choroidal vasculature","volume":"13","author":"McLeod","year":"1994","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R26-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99690","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099690","article-title":"Choroidal Haller's and Sattler's Layer thickness measurement using 3-dimensional 1060-nm optical coherence tomography","volume":"9","author":"Esmaeelpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0133080","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133080","article-title":"Characterization of choroidal layers in normal aging eyes using enface swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"10","author":"Adhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.10.002","article-title":"Investigating the choriocapillaris and choroidal vasculature with new optical coherence tomography technologies","volume":"52","author":"Ferrara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"R29-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-011-1708-7","article-title":"Choroidal thickness measurement in healthy Japanese subjects by three-dimensional high-penetration optical coherence tomography","volume":"249","author":"Agawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R30-20240828","first-page":"4971","article-title":"Macular choroidal thickness and volume in normal subjects measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"52","author":"Hirata","year":"2011","journal-title":"InvestOpthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R31-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7019","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8046","article-title":"Spatial distribution of posterior pole choroidal thickness by spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"52","author":"Ouyang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R32-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.05.035","article-title":"Choroidal thickness and volume in healthy young white adults and the relationships between them and axial length, ammetropy and sex","volume":"158","author":"Sanchez-Cano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R33-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.02.001","article-title":"Characterization of choroidal morphologic and vascular features in young men with high myopia using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"177","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R34-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.3.5","article-title":"Wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography analysis of interocular symmetry of choroidal thickness in healthy young individuals","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R35-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000936","article-title":"Correlation between choroidal thickness and degree of myopia assessed with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography","volume":"27","author":"El-Shazly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R36-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3723-9","article-title":"Mapping diurnal changes in choroidal, Haller's and Sattler's layer thickness using 3-dimensional 1060-nm optical coherence tomography","volume":"255","author":"Gabriel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R37-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)E0049-Q","article-title":"Moving the retina:Choroidal modulation of refractive state","volume":"35","author":"Wallman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"R38-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20170301-02","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal vascularity in myopia:Evidence from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"48","author":"Alshareef","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"R39-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2017.06.003","article-title":"Brief hyperopic defocus or form deprivation have varying effects on eye growth and ocular rhythms depending on the time-of-day of exposure","volume":"161","author":"Nickla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"R40-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.03.019","article-title":"Influence of the time of day on axial length and choroidal thickness changes to hyperopic and myopic defocus in human eyes","volume":"182","author":"Moderiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1268_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:31:12Z","timestamp":1787758272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1268_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1268_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-19","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-30","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}