{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T16:33:47Z","timestamp":1793378027650,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is a bilateral type of panuveitis that occurs days to years after a traumatic insult to one eye. Most related studies are typically limited to single-center case reports, which makes comprehensive epidemiological analysis challenging. This study analyzes research data from different periods, age groups, and regions and finds that the overall incidence of sympathetic ophthalmia has shown a downward trend. In the 19\n                    <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 20\n                    <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                    centuries, the incidence of SO following ocular trauma was as high as 0\u201316%. However, due to advancements in trauma management and surgical techniques, the incidence of SO following ocular trauma has decreased to 0.072%\u20130.8% in modern times. The primary risk factors for SO have also shifted, from early ocular trauma to recent ocular surgeries. Although there are more reports of SO following vitreoretinal surgery than cataract surgery (16.93% vs. 5.74%), the incidence of SO following vitreoretinal surgery is 0\u20130.13%, whereas for cataract surgery, the incidence is 0\u20130.2283%. After entering the 21\n                    <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                    century, the incidence of SO in developed countries has decreased to 0.04%\u20130.8%, while in developing countries, the incidence remains relatively high, reaching 0\u20131.11%. Although modern microsurgical techniques have significantly reduced the incidence of SO, clinicians must remain highly vigilant about the potential risk of SO following intraocular surgeries in order to further eliminate its occurrence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1307_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T16:13:20Z","timestamp":1761668000000},"page":"1556-1569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Global trend in incidence of sympathetic ophthalmia \u2013 A brief literature overview"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Yingluan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1994.01090130090024","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia following laser cyclocoagulation","volume":"112","author":"Bechrakis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R2-20260419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12088","article-title":"Incidence of hypotony and sympathetic ophthalmia following trans-scleral cyclophotocoagulation for glaucoma and a report of risk factors","volume":"41","author":"Aujla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20260419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.102384","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia after ruthenium plaque brachytherapy","volume":"91","author":"Ahmad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R4-20260419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00899-7","article-title":"Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"137","author":"Jonas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-20260419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e3182128e93","article-title":"A case of sympathetic ophthalmia after a severe acanthamoeba keratitis","volume":"37","author":"Guerriero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"R6-20260419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(89)90125-2","article-title":"A historical review of sympathetic ophthalmia and its epidemiology","volume":"34","author":"Albert","year":"1989","journal-title":"Survey of ophthalmology"},{"key":"R7-20260419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.09.011","article-title":"Incidence of sympathetic ophthalmia after inciting events: A national database study in Japan","volume":"129","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R8-20260419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2011.01.036","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia: A review of literature","volume":"113","author":"Chaithanyaa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"key":"R9-20260419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02562-4","article-title":"Material risk: Vitreoretinal surgery, evisceration, enucleation and sympathetic ophthalmia\u2014where are we currently?","volume":"37","author":"Ullrich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"R10-20260419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000002068","article-title":"The ruptured globe, sympathetic ophthalmia, and the 14-day rule","volume":"38","author":"Jordan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R12-20260419","first-page":"354","article-title":"Essays on the Morbid Anatomy of the Human Eye","volume":"4","author":"Wardrop","year":"1808","journal-title":"Edinb Med Surg J"},{"key":"R13-20260419","first-page":"348","article-title":"Hospital Reports. 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