{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T09:29:31Z","timestamp":1791019771254,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Leptospirosis is a waterborne zoonotic disease prevalent in tropical regions, causing significant morbidity and mortality. It can involve any organ in its primary stage, and uveitis is its late complication. While advanced laboratory diagnosis is available only in tertiary care centers globally, a cost-effective bedside assessment of clinical signs and their scoring could offer a provisional diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To analyze the diagnostic potential of demographic and clinical signs in a large cohort of serologically confirmed leptospiral uveitis patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective study, demographic and clinical parameters of 876 seropositive leptospiral uveitis patients and 1042 nonleptospiral uveitis controls were studied. Multivariable logistic regression analysis with bootstrap confidence interval (CI) characterized the diagnostic predictors. The performance of the model was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Presence of nongranulomatous uveitis (odds ratio [OR] = 6.9), hypopyon (OR = 4.6), vitreous infiltration with membranous opacities (OR = 4.3), bilateral involvement (OR = 4), panuveitis (OR = 3.3), vasculitis (OR = 1.9), disc hyperemia (OR = 1.6), absence of retinochoroiditis (OR = 15), and absence of cystoid macular edema (OR = 8.9) emerged as predictive parameters. The AUROC value was 0.86 with 95% CI of 0.846\u20130.874. At a cut-off score of 40, the sensitivity and specificity were 79.5 and 78.4, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study demonstrates that ocular signs can serve as diagnostic predictors for leptospiral uveitis, enabling primary care ophthalmologists to make bedside diagnosis. This can be further confirmed by laboratory methods available at tertiary care centers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1376_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T01:30:13Z","timestamp":1716514213000},"page":"869-877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Utility of demographic and clinical signs as diagnostic predictors for leptospiral uveitis: A retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"SR","family":"Rathinam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Uveitis Service, Aravind Eye Hospital and PG Institute of Ophthalmology, Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeya G.","family":"Kohila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Aravind Eye Hospital and PG Institute of Ophthalmology, Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balagiri K","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chidambaranathan P","family":"Gowri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Vedhanayagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Radhika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venu","family":"Nadella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amaravati Hospital, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003898.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","article-title":"Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R2-20260504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000896","article-title":"Ocular leptospirosis: Lack of awareness among ophthalmologists and challenges in diagnosis","volume":"33","author":"Rathinam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20260504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_61_23","article-title":"Leptospiral uveitis- \u201cTransition \u2018from epidemic to endemic form\u201d difficulties in laboratory confirmation","volume":"71","author":"Rathinam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-20260504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106438.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2022.106438","article-title":"Current methods for the diagnosis of leptospirosis: Issues and challenges","volume":"195","author":"Pinto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"R6-20260504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004513.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004513","article-title":"A diagnostic scoring model for leptospirosis in resource limited settings","volume":"10","author":"Rajapakse","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R7-20260504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007205.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007205","article-title":"A simple score to predict severe leptospirosis","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R8-20260504","first-page":"569","article-title":"Leptospiral uveitis: Usefulness of clinical signs as diagnostic predictors","volume":"26","author":"SRRathinam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R9-20260504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012799.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012799","article-title":"STARD 2015 guidelines for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies: Explanation and elaboration","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R10-20260504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.057","article-title":"Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. 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