{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:23:52Z","timestamp":1787772232607,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the alterations in the psycho-physical tests, contrast sensitivity (CS) and hue discrimination (total estimation score, TES) in COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective case-control study was undertaken in 2021-22 to look at CS and TES among COVID-19 patients and RT-PCR negative normal subjects by a mobile app \u201csmart optometry\u201d and X-Rite\u2019s free online version of Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test. Strict visual acuity (minimum of 6\/9 equivalent on Snellen) and other clinical parameters were used as exclusion criteria to filter potentially confounding pre-receptoral co-morbid conditions. The effect of mismatch in recruiting age and sex matched controls during the pandemic were analyzed by multivariate linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One-way ANOVA ruled out any influence of gender on CS and TES; however, there was significant difference in the TES on Mann Whitney U test (TES- 2.95 +\/- 3.8 for cases; 0.30 +\/- 1.1 for controls; p &lt;0.001) and it persisted after accounting for age. Six controls with breakthrough infections had a significant deterioration in TES (Mean scores -3.0; 95% CI = -5.89 to -0.11; p = 0.04) on paired t test. Qualitative analysis showed that S-cone mediated deficiencies outnumber those affecting M-L cone mediated deficiencies. Among 53 subjects exhibiting three sensory features, anosmia, loss of taste and dyschromatopsia, nine (16.98%) had all features concurrently.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study demonstrates that COVID-19 infection leads to altered TES representing dyschromatopsia -an ocular counterpart of anosmia, with little difference on CS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1437_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T04:01:03Z","timestamp":1713758463000},"page":"664-671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dyschromatopsia and contrast sensitivity changes in COVID-19 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