{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:30:50Z","timestamp":1787761850226,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To develop a viable\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model to study the growth and invasion of patient-derived retinoblastoma (RB) and choroidal melanoma (CM) xenografts (PDXs). The study utilizes primary tumor samples instead of cancer cell lines, which provides a more authentic representation of tumors due to conserved morphology and heterogeneity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fertilized chicken eggs were procured, windowed, and their CAM layers were dropped. On embryonic development day (EDD) 10, freshly cut patient-derived CM and RB tumors were implanted on the CAM layer and the setup was incubated for 7 days. The tumor-embedded CAM layer was harvested on EDD 17, and the extracted tumor samples were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis to evaluate the extent of tumor invasion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant changes in the vascularity around the RB and CM PDXs were observed, indicating an angiogenic environment. The cross-sectional histological view of the tumor implant site revealed the invasion of both the tumors into the CAM mesoderm. Invasion of CM into CAM mesoderm was visualized in the form of pigmented nodules, and that of RB was indicated by synaptophysin and Ki-67 positivity in Immunohistochemistry (IHC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CAM xenograft model was successfully able to support the growth of CM and RB PDXs and their invasion in CAM, thus presenting as a feasible alternative to mammalian models for studying tumorigenicity and invasiveness of ocular tumors. Moreover, this model can further be utilized to develop personalized medicine by inoculating patient-specific tumors for preclinical drug screening.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1494_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T06:19:36Z","timestamp":1678256376000},"page":"977-982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Establishment of patient-derived xenografts of retinoblastoma and choroidal melanoma on the avian chorioallantoic membrane"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Nimita","family":"Kant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perumal","family":"Jayaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Science, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harshita","family":"Rupani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pranavi","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shefali","family":"Dahiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palak","family":"Chugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muskaan","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manisha","family":"Sengar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11091344","article-title":"The potential use of electrochemotherapy in the treatment of uveal melanoma: In vitro results in 3D tumor cultures and in vivo results in a chick embryo model","volume":"11","author":"Fiorentzis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"R2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.208","article-title":"Metastasis of uveal melanoma millimeter-by-millimeter in 8033 consecutive eyes","volume":"127","author":"Shields","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E845","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11060845","article-title":"Uveal versus cutaneous melanoma;same origin, very distinct tumor types","volume":"11","author":"van der Kooij","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"R4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.255","article-title":"Molecular pathology of uveal melanoma","volume":"27","author":"Coupland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.154367","article-title":"Uveal melanoma:Estimating prognosis","volume":"63","author":"Kaliki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R6-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4103\/meajo.MEAJO_73_18","article-title":"Choroidal melanoma resection","volume":"25","author":"Hamza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R7-20240828","first-page":"61","article-title":"Brachytherapy of choroidal melanomas","volume":"168","author":"Brady","year":"1992","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"R9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15021","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.21","article-title":"Retinoblastoma","volume":"1","author":"Dimaras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"R10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109799","article-title":"Hydrogel implants for transscleral drug delivery for retinoblastoma treatment","volume":"103","author":"Cocarta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"key":"R11-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13748","article-title":"The origin of human retinoblastoma","volume":"514","author":"Bremner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R12-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.04.003","article-title":"Clinical predictors at diagnosis of low-risk histopathology in unilateral advanced retinoblastoma","volume":"126","author":"Kletke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1159\/000370153","article-title":"Uveal melanoma metastasis models","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocul Oncol Pathol"},{"key":"R15-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12853","article-title":"Mouse models of uveal melanoma:Strengths, weaknesses, and future directions","volume":"33","author":"Richards","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"R16-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.019976","article-title":"Establishment of a novel retinoblastoma (Rb) nude mouse model by intravitreal injection of human Rb Y79 cells \u2013Comparison of in vivo analysis versus histological follow up","volume":"5","author":"Tschulakow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Open"},{"key":"R17-20240828","first-page":"1600","article-title":"Effects of miR-22 on viability, migration, invasion and apoptosis in retinoblastoma Y79 cells by targeting high-mobility group box 1","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R18-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3750-2","article-title":"In vitro characterization of CD133lo cancer stem cells in Retinoblastoma Y79 cell line","volume":"17","author":"Nair","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"R19-20240828","first-page":"545","article-title":"Immunocompromised and immunocompetent mouse models for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Lei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther"},{"key":"R20-20240828","first-page":"51046","article-title":"In vitro cell migration and invasion assays","volume":"(88)","author":"Justus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"R21-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2008.00633.x","article-title":"A critical analysis of current in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assays","volume":"90","author":"Staton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"R22-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(05)80378-9","article-title":"Oxygen exchange in the chorioallantoic membrane, avian homologue of the mammalian placenta","volume":"14","author":"Metcalfe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"R23-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9959","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13089959","article-title":"Chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay as an in vivo model to study the effect of newly identified molecules on ovarian cancer invasion and metastasis","volume":"13","author":"Lokman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R24-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1159\/000370151","article-title":"Use of the chick embryo model in uveal melanoma","volume":"1","author":"Kalirai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocul Oncol Pathol"},{"key":"R25-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-014-1285-z","article-title":"Re-characterization of established human retinoblastoma cell lines","volume":"143","author":"Busch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"R26-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1328-z","article-title":"Management and potentialities of primary cancer cultures in preclinical and translational studies","volume":"15","author":"Miserocchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"R27-20240828","first-page":"52411","article-title":"the in ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay as an efficient xenograft model of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"(104)","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"R28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629754","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/629754","article-title":"Effect of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissue implantation on the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane:Morphometric measurements and vascularity","volume":"2015","author":"Uloza","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"R29-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-189315","article-title":"First experience of chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay in the clinical work flow with oral squamous cell carcinoma patients","volume":"70","author":"Kauffmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Hemorheol Microcirc"},{"key":"R30-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-012-9311-z","article-title":"The experimental renal cell carcinoma model in the chick embryo","volume":"16","author":"Fergelot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"R31-20240828","first-page":"e50522","article-title":"The in ovo CAM-assay as a xenograft model for sarcoma","volume":"(77)","author":"Sys","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"R32-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44686","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44686","article-title":"Development of bioluminescent chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) models for primary pancreatic cancer cells:A platform for drug testing","volume":"7","author":"Rovithi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R33-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/pcmedi\/pbz018","article-title":"Establishment of xenografts of urological cancers on chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) to study metastasis","volume":"2","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Precis Clin Med"},{"key":"R34-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s101030050028","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy of malignant ovarian tumours cultivated on CAM","volume":"14","author":"Ismail","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"R35-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0130935","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130935","article-title":"Chick chorioallantoic membrane assay:A 3D animal model for study of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R36-20240828","first-page":"160","article-title":"Characterization of etoposide- and cisplatin-chemoresistant retinoblastoma cell lines","volume":"39","author":"Busch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"R37-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.166","article-title":"Tumour heterogeneity and resistance to cancer therapies","volume":"15","author":"Dagogo-Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1494_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:08:52Z","timestamp":1787760532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1494_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1494_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-23","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-12","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}