{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:24:08Z","timestamp":1787847848686,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>The instrumentation used in ophthalmic clinics can be a source of epidemics in health care set up. Contact tonometry with Schiotz or Applanation tonometer is associated with nosocomial epidemic keratoconjunctivitis outbreaks. Recently identified SARS-CoV-2 (COVID -19) spreads mainly via the respiratory route and fomites and can transmit through other body fluids, including tear film. Various ophthalmic instruments can become a common source of spreading cross infections. Chemical disinfection is one of the most common methods employed to decontaminate instruments and environmental surfaces and prevent transmission of infectious pathogens to patients through medical and surgical instruments. Various chemical disinfectants are available with a varied spectrum to work on a different group of organisms. In this article, we briefly cover commonly used chemical disinfectants in ophthalmic practice like Alcohol (Ethyl Alcohol, Isopropyl Alcohol), Chlorine-based solution (mainly Sodium Hypochlorite), Glutaraldehyde, Hydrogen Peroxide, Formaldehyde, Iodophors, and Quaternary Ammonium Compounds<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1549_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T05:35:03Z","timestamp":1613540103000},"page":"510-516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Chemical disinfectants in ophthalmic practice"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Shefali R","family":"Parikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajul S","family":"Parikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.6.938","article-title":"A large outbreak of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis: Problems in controlling nosocomial spread","volume":"160","author":"Warren","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R3-9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2013.07.020","article-title":"Management of an incident of failed sterilization of surgical instruments in a dental clinic in Hong Kong","volume":"112","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"R4-9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.04.023","article-title":"Surgical site infections linked to contaminated surgical instruments","volume":"81","author":"Dancer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"R6-9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.03.003","article-title":"Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"R8-9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291","article-title":"Characteristics of ocular findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China","volume":"138","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25725","article-title":"Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"92","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"R10-9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_871_20","article-title":"All India Ophthalmological Society-Indian Journal of Ophthalmology consensus statement on preferred practices during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"68","author":"Sengupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R13-9-20240828","first-page":"116","article-title":"The inactivation of viruses by germicides","volume":"49","author":"Rubbo","year":"1963","journal-title":"Chem Specialists Manuf Assoc Proc"},{"key":"R14-9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.4.1419-1424.2006","article-title":"Efficacy of hospital germicides against adenovirus 8, a common cause of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in health care facilities.Antimicrob","volume":"50","author":"Rutala","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R15-9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800030211","article-title":"Chemical disinfection of non-porous inanimate surfaces experimentally contaminated with four human pathogenic viruses","volume":"102","author":"Sattar","year":"1989","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"R16-9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1128\/am.1.4.187-194.1953","article-title":"Studies on disinfection of clinical thermometers. 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