{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T06:44:40Z","timestamp":1793256280540,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) has reached epidemic proportion during India\u2019s second wave of COVID-19 pandemic, with several risk factors being implicated in its pathogenesis. This study aimed to determine the patient demographics, risk factors including comorbidities, and medications used to treat COVID-19, presenting symptoms and signs, and the outcome of management.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n This was a retrospective, observational study of patients with COVID-19-associated ROCM managed or co-managed by ophthalmologists in India from January 1, 2020 to May 26, 2021.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Of the 2826 patients, the states of Gujarat (22%) and Maharashtra (21%) reported the highest number of ROCM. The mean age of patients was 51.9 years with a male preponderance (71%). While 57% of the patients needed oxygen support for COVID-19 infection, 87% of the patients were treated with corticosteroids, (21% for > 10 days). Diabetes mellitus (DM) was present in 78% of all patients. Most of the cases showed onset of symptoms of ROCM between day 10 and day 15 from the diagnosis of COVID-19, 56% developed within 14 days after COVID-19 diagnosis, while 44% had delayed onset beyond 14 days. Orbit was involved in 72% of patients, with stage 3c forming the bulk (27%). Overall treatment included intravenous amphotericin B in 73%, functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)\/paranasal sinus (PNS) debridement in 56%, orbital exenteration in 15%, and both FESS\/PNS debridement and orbital exenteration in 17%. Intraorbital injection of amphotericin B was administered in 22%. At final follow-up, mortality was 14%. Disease stage >3b had poorer prognosis. Paranasal sinus debridement and orbital exenteration reduced the mortality rate from 52% to 39% in patients with stage 4 disease with intracranial extension (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Corticosteroids and DM are the most important predisposing factors in the development of COVID-19-associated ROCM. COVID-19 patients must be followed up beyond recovery. Awareness of red flag symptoms and signs, high index of clinical suspicion, prompt diagnosis, and early initiation of treatment with amphotericin B, aggressive surgical debridement of the PNS, and orbital exenteration, where indicated, are essential for successful outcome.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1565_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T14:43:02Z","timestamp":1624632182000},"page":"1670-1692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":369,"title":["Epidemiology, clinical profile, management, and outcome of COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis in 2826 patients in India \u2013 Collaborative OPAI-IJO Study on Mucormycosis in COVID-19 (COSMIC), Report 1"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Mrittika","family":"Sen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sight, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santosh G","family":"Honavar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sight, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolika","family":"Bansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sight, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabyasachi","family":"Sengupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Vision Eye Care and Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raksha","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Narayana Netralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aravind Eye Care, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukesh","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sight, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahipal","family":"Sachdev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sight, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok K","family":"Grover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital and Vision Eye Centres, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhidnya","family":"Surve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Hedgewar Rugnalaya, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Budharapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Apollo Cancer Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek K","family":"Ramadhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dr Abhishek K. 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