{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:35:44Z","timestamp":1786649744359,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ocular morbidities in school children are often preventable or treatable. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of eye disorders among students in the field practice area of a medical college in Central India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An observational study was conducted in seven schools near a Central Indian medical college. A total of 2216 students (1215 males, 1001 females, aged 6\u201316 years) underwent screening by trained medical student-supervisors. Assessments included visual acuity, pinhole vision, color vision, and strabismus. Anterior segment examination was performed. Students with suspected issues were referred for comprehensive evaluation. Statistical analysis using the Chi-square test was conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall prevalence of ocular morbidity was 12.9%, predominantly uncorrected refractive error (9.5%). Morbidity was slightly higher in females (13.1%) than in males (12.7%), with the uncorrected refractive error significantly more common in females (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) and color vision deficiency in males (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Private school children had a higher refractive error (13.2% vs 8.8%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002), while vitamin A deficiency occurred only in government schools (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0004). Visual impairment was seen in 2.8%, differing significantly by sex (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002) and age group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004). Nearly 96% of identified morbidities were preventable or treatable.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A significant prevalence of ocular morbidities, particularly URE and VAD, exists among school children in this central Indian region. Age and gender are significant factors for URE. Improved school-based screening with effective referral systems and community education are crucial for addressing childhood visual impairment in this area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1627_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T12:00:41Z","timestamp":1767787241000},"page":"530-536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Burden of ocular morbidities among school-going children in Central India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Darshankumar Y","family":"Picha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Government Medical College and District Hospital, Akola, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh S","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College & District Hospital, Akola, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parikshit M","family":"Gogate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Pimpri, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Ingle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College & District Hospital, Akola, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vedant","family":"Garge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government Medical College and District Hospital, Akola, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishab","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government Medical College and District Hospital, Akola, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashvika","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government Medical College and District Hospital, Akola, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.041210","article-title":"Global magnitude of visual impairment caused by uncorrected refractive errors in 2004","volume":"86","author":"Resnikoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R4-20260416","first-page":"44","article-title":"The global initiative vison 2020: the right to sight childhood blindness","volume":"12","author":"Yorston","year":"1999","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"R6-20260416","first-page":"205","article-title":"School eye screening and the National Program for Control of Blindness","volume":"46","author":"Jose","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"R7-20260416","first-page":"615","article-title":"Refractive error in children in a rural population in India","volume":"43","author":"Dandona","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R8-20260416","first-page":"623","article-title":"Refractive error in children in an urban population in New Delhi","volume":"43","author":"Murthy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R9-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2015.1090003","article-title":"Prevalence of childhood blindness and ocular morbidity in a rural pediatric population in southern India: The pavagada pediatric eye disease study-1","volume":"23","author":"Kemmanu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"R10-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2020.1849743","article-title":"Status of eye health among school children in south India-Sankara Nethralaya school children eye examination study (SN-SEES)","volume":"28","author":"Narayanan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"R11-20260416","first-page":"43","article-title":"Ocular morbidity among children studying in private schools of Kathmandu valley: A prospective cross sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Shrestha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nepal Med Coll J"},{"key":"R12-20260416","first-page":"429","article-title":"Pattern of ocular morbidity in school children in Central India","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Natl J Community Med"},{"key":"R15-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5786","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980021001324","article-title":"Global patterns in vision loss burden due to vitamin A deficiency from 1990 to 2017","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"R16-20260416","first-page":"64","article-title":"Diet and nutritional status of adolescent tribal population in nine states of India","volume":"15","author":"Rao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R18-20260416","first-page":"5","article-title":"Prevalence of ocular morbidity among school adolescents of Gandhinagar district, Gujarat","volume":"9","author":"Prajapati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Online J Health Allied Sci"},{"key":"R19-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00421-5","article-title":"The Kariapatti pediatric eye evaluation project: Baseline ophthalmic data of children aged 15 years or younger in Southern India","volume":"136","author":"Nirmalan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R20-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_676_15","article-title":"Prevalence of ocular morbidity in school going children in West Uttar Pradesh","volume":"65","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R21-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.45503","article-title":"Ocular morbidity prevalence among school children in Shimla, Himachal, North India","volume":"57","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R22-20260416","first-page":"222","article-title":"Ocular morbidity amongst primary school children in Delhi","volume":"30","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health and Population \u2013 Perspectives & Issues"},{"key":"R23-20260416","first-page":"173","article-title":"School eye health appraisal","volume":"37","author":"Desai","year":"1989","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R24-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2949_21","article-title":"Visual impairment and refractive errors in school children in Andhra Pradesh, India","volume":"70","author":"Prakash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R25-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.3170","article-title":"Ocular morbidity among children of government schools of Kathmandu valley: A follow-up study","volume":"56","author":"Shrestha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nepal Med Assoc"},{"key":"R26-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.53864","article-title":"Prevalence of uncorrected refractive error and other eye problems among urban and rural school children","volume":"16","author":"Padhye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R27-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OPX.0000159362.48835.16","article-title":"Need and challenges of refractive correction in urban Chinese school children","volume":"82","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"R28-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2014.02.001","article-title":"Prevalence of correctable visual impairment in primary school children in Qassim Province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"7","author":"Aldebasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"R29-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_112_21","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors among the school-going children in East Sikkim","volume":"69","author":"Bhutia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R30-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2011\/v4i9.18","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive error in school children","volume":"4","author":"Prema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Sci Technol"},{"key":"R31-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008909","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-008909","article-title":"Effect of home-based childcare on childhood mortality in rural Maharashtra, India: A cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Satav","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"R32-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1454_19","article-title":"Prevalence of ocular morbidities among school children in Raipur district, India","volume":"68","author":"Agrawal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R33-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2015.02.006","article-title":"Prevalence and gene frequency of color vision impairments among children of six populations from the North Indian region","volume":"2","author":"Fareed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"R34-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_268_19","article-title":"Pattern of ocular morbidities: A cross\u2010sectional study on school\u2010going children in Shillong city","volume":"8","author":"Sarkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Fam Med Prim Care"},{"key":"R35-20260416","first-page":"1631","article-title":"Prevalence of visual impairment in school-going children among the urban and rural areas of Udupi district, Karnataka","volume":"67","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R36-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2408_20","article-title":"A population-based study on the prevalence and causes of childhood blindness and visual impairment in North India","volume":"69","author":"Wadhwani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R37-20260416","first-page":"387","article-title":"Spectrum of visual impairment among urban female school students in Surat, India","volume":"59","author":"Basu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R38-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1531","article-title":"Spectacle acceptance among secondary school students in rural China: The Xichang Pediatric Refractive error study (X-Pres)- Report 5","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R39-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.12.1717","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of spectacle non wear among rural Chinese secondary school children","volume":"126","author":"Congdon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_1627_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:57:53Z","timestamp":1786647473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_1627_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1627_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-29","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-20","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}