{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:26:25Z","timestamp":1790313985493,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To report the spectrum of posterior segment manifestations and visual outcomes in a large series of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study at a tertiary referral eye center in south India between 2016 and 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Charts of 109 patients diagnosed to have SLE were retrieved from our medical database. Only nine cases of SLE (8.25%) had posterior segment involvement. The male: female ratio was 1:8. The mean age was 28 years. Unilaterality was the most common presentation in eight cases (88.89%). Lupus nephritis was the most common systemic presentation in five cases (55.56%). Antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA) positivity was seen in two cases (22.22%). Ocular manifestations included microangiopathy (cotton wool spots) in one case, occlusive retinal vasculitis with cotton wool spots in four cases (five eyes), optic disc edema with combined venous and arterial occlusion (one case), central retinal vein occlusion with cotton wool spots and hemorrhages (one case), macular edema (four cases), posterior scleritis with optic disc edema and exudative retinal detachment in the posterior pole (one case), and tubercular choroidal granuloma (one case). Treatment included systemic steroids, hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQS), and immunosuppression in all cases, blood thinners in two cases, and laser photocoagulation in four cases. HCQS-related retinal toxicity was not seen in any of the 109 cases. Ocular manifestation was the initial presentation of SLE in one case. Visual outcome was poor in three cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Presence of posterior segment findings in cases with SLE may suggest a severe systemic disease. Early detection and aggressive treatment result in better visual outcomes. Ophthalmologists could play a vital role in guiding systemic therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1705_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T03:00:49Z","timestamp":1684292449000},"page":"1986-1993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Posterior segment involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus \u2013 A series from South India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Kalpana","family":"Babu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Uvea and Ocular Inflammation, Prabha Eye Clinic and Research Centre and Vittala International Institute of Ophthalmology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satabdi","family":"Nanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vitreoretinal Services, Vittala International Institute of Ophthalmology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preeti","family":"Hegde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Uvea and Ocular Inflammation, Prabha Eye Clinic and Research Centre and Vittala International Institute of Ophthalmology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand P","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh","family":"Jois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Manipal Hospitals, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339300200209","article-title":"Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in India","volume":"2","author":"Malaviya","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"R2-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1986.01050160114025","article-title":"Severe retinal vaso- Occlusive disease in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"104","author":"Jabs","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780310904","article-title":"Lupus retinopathy. 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