{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:23:38Z","timestamp":1787840618872,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report clinical characteristics, risk factors, treatment outcomes, and prognostic predictors of post-vitrectomy secondary macular holes (MHs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective observational case series from November 2014 to December 2020. Eyes that developed secondary MH, two weeks and beyond after primary vitrectomy for non-MH indications, were enrolled. Pre- and intraoperative records were screened to exclude pre-existence of MH. Eyes with multiple vitreoretinal surgeries prior to MH detection and tractional myopic maculopathy were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 29 eyes of 29 patients with a mean age of 52 years developed secondary MH post-vitrectomy. The most common indications for primary vitrectomy were rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD, 48.2%) and tractional retinal detachment (TRD, 24.1%). Time to MH detection after primary vitrectomy was 91.5 \u00b1 117.6 days. The mean minimum hole diameter was 530 \u00b1 298 microns. Epi-retinal membrane and cystoid degeneration was noted in 6 (20.7%) and 12 (41.3%) eyes, respectively (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.088). The mean time from MH detection to MH repair was 34 \u00b1 42 days. The surgical intervention included internal limiting membrane peeling with tamponade in 25 eyes. Overall, 80% showed anatomic hole closure, 90.9% versus 57.1% in the RRD and TRD (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.092), respectively. The mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at the final visit was 0.71 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution. Thirteen eyes (52%) had a BCVA of 20\/100 or better. Minimal hole diameter (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.029) only predicted final visual acuity. The interval between MH diagnosis and repair did not affect hole closure significantly (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.064).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Secondary MH post-vitrectomy closed successfully with limited visual improvement and trails behind idiopathic MH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1749_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T03:25:45Z","timestamp":1684293945000},"page":"2053-2060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Post-vitrectomy secondary macular holes: Risk factors, clinical features, and multivariate analysis of outcome predictors"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Mukesh","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anant Baja Retina Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raja","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anant Baja Retina Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"},{"name":"Indian Health Outcomes, Public Health and Economics Research Centre (IHOPE), Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingam","family":"Gopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sankara Nethralaya, Sri Bhagavan Mahavir Vitreoretina Services, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tapas R","family":"Padhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anant Baja Retina Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umesh C","family":"Behera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anant Baja Retina Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krushna G","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anant Baja Retina Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runa","family":"Tabasum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anant Baja Retina Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadeem K","family":"Banjare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anant Baja Retina Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.122796","article-title":"Results of surgery on macular holes that develop after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment","volume":"92","author":"Benzerroug","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R2-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181cd4819","article-title":"Secondary macular hole formation after vitrectomy","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R3-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2012.05.001","article-title":"Understanding macular holes that develop after repair of retinal detachment","volume":"47","author":"Schlenker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can J 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Retina"},{"key":"R13-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001307","article-title":"The association of epiretinal membrane with macular hole formation after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair","volume":"37","author":"Khurana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R14-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002248","article-title":"Internal limiting membrane peeling during pars plana vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: Cost analysis, review of the literature, and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R15-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19932","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77078-y","article-title":"Foveal crack sign as a predictive biomarker for development of macular hole in fellow eyes of patients with full-thickness macular 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