{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T08:17:51Z","timestamp":1788164271688,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the clinical presentation, treatment outcomes, and baseline predictors of surgical intervention in a large cohort with pediatric chalazion.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n This retrospective observational study included children (<18 years) diagnosed with chalazion between January 2017 and December 2024 with a minimum follow-up of 21 days. Initial treatment consisted of hot fomentation and topical antibiotics. Clinical resolution was defined as complete disappearance of the lesion without the need for surgery. Survival analysis and Cox regression models were used to identify risk factors for surgery.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 471 eyes from 470 children were included (median age: 6 years). Of the 414 eyes initially managed conservatively, 380 eyes (91.8%) resolved without surgery within the first 6 weeks. Surgical intervention was required in 90 eyes (19%), including 56 advised at baseline. Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis showed that among those requiring surgery, most underwent the procedure within 60 days of presentation (cumulative risk at 2 months = 23%; 95% CI: 17\u201329%). Children who underwent surgery were significantly older (9.7 \u00b1 4.9 vs. 6.9 + 4.4 years,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) and had longer symptom duration (median 60 vs. 30 days,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) at baseline. In multivariable Cox regression, only increasing age independently predicted surgery (HR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.04\u20131.17;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.0002).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Most pediatric chalazia resolve within 6 weeks of conservative treatment. Increasing age at presentation was the strongest predictor of surgical intervention. These findings support a time-bound approach to conservative management and highlight the need for prospective studies exploring adjunctive therapies and systemic risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1762_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T12:00:39Z","timestamp":1784894439000},"page":"1350-1355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical features, treatment outcomes, and risk factors for surgery in pediatric chalazion"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Monica","family":"Samant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus, Laxmi Eye Hospital and Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhinav","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus, Laxmi Eye Hospital and Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarita","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Laxmi Chartiable Trust, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhas","family":"Haldipurkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus, Laxmi Eye Hospital and Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabyasachi","family":"Sengupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Laxmi Chartiable Trust, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"},{"name":"Department of Vitreoretina, Future Vision Eye Care, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2005.00982.x","article-title":"Amblyopia due to inflamed chalazion in a 13-month old infant","volume":"33","author":"Donaldson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R2-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02529-1","article-title":"Multivariate analysis of the effect of Chalazia on astigmatism in children","volume":"22","author":"Ouyang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0426-2","article-title":"Effects of chalazia on corneal astigmatism: Large-sized chalazia in middle upper eyelids compress the cornea and induce the corneal astigmatism","volume":"17","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R4-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-325988","article-title":"Meibum and lid margin microbiome in eyes with chalazion: Exploring an infectious aetiology","volume":"109","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S263146","article-title":"Demography and clinical features of chalazion among patients seen at a multi-tier eye care network in India: An electronic medical records driven big data analysis report","volume":"14","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R6-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.3341\/jkos.2009.50.9.1295","article-title":"Effectiveness for intralesional triamcinolne acetonide injections for chalazia in pediatric patients","volume":"50","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Korean Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"R7-20260831","first-page":"1723","article-title":"Overall surgical outcome of chalazion under different type of anesthesia in children","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Guoji Yanke Zazhi (Int Eye Sci)"},{"key":"R8-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000010644","article-title":"Conservative treatment of chalazion in pediatric patients","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"R9-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2019.04.001","article-title":"A prospective randomized study comparing incision and curettage with injection of triamcinolone acetonide for chronic chalazia","volume":"31","author":"Nabie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Curr Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R10-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.18231\/j.ijooo.2019.016","article-title":"A comparative study of intralesional triamcinolone injection in primary chalazion in children and adults","volume":"5","author":"Rana","year":"2019","journal-title":"IP Int J Ocul Oncol Oculoplasty"},{"key":"R11-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413729","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/413729","article-title":"A comparison of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection for primary chalazion in children and adults","volume":"2014","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"R12-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2023.2279014","article-title":"Chalazion treatment: A concise review of clinical trials","volume":"49","author":"Tashbayev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"R13-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2020.0115","article-title":"The effect of oral vitamin A supplementation on chalazion in young children with vitamin A deficiency: A pilot study","volume":"37","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R14-20260831","first-page":"1766","article-title":"The association between vitamin A deficiency and chalazion: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Alhumaid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Med Dev Ctries"},{"key":"R15-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2022.09.25","article-title":"Suggestions on gut-eye cross-talk: About the chalazion","volume":"15","author":"Gallenga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_1762_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T08:00:10Z","timestamp":1788163210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_1762_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1762_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-14","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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