{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:25:28Z","timestamp":1787840728131,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735257600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>India\u2019s linguistic and cultural diversity necessitates a region-specific validated Visual Functioning Questionnaire. The objective of this study was to translate the Indian Vision Function Questionnaire-33 (IND-VFQ-33) into the Kannada language and test its psychometric properties, underlying factor structure, and model fit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 330 participants, and basic psychometric properties (reliability, convergent, discriminant, construct validity, responsiveness, etc.) were assessed. The underlying factor structure was evaluated by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and model fit by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Kannada version of IND-VFQ-33 exhibited robust psychometric properties [excellent content validity, reliability (Cronbach \u03b1 = 0.91), test-retest reliability (Rho\n                      <jats:sub>S<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0.99;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), convergent (Rho\n                      <jats:sub>S<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0.58;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), and discriminant validity (Rho\n                      <jats:sub>S<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0.06;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.274)]. On EFA, items in the general functioning subscale fell into two categories, namely \u201cMobility\u201d (10 items: Q1, Q2, Q4\u2013Q9, Q15, and Q16) and \u201cDaily Activities\u201d (8 items: Q3, Q10, Q11, and Q17\u2013Q21), and two other subscales \u201cpsycho-social impact\u201d subscale (Q22\u2013Q26) and the \u201cvisual symptoms\u201d subscale (Q27\u2013Q32, excluding Q33). Thus, a new Kannada-translated VFQ-29 questionnaire was derived with excellent psychometric properties. All observed variables showed significant factor loadings on their respective latent constructs (&gt;0.50), establishing convergent validity on CFA by using the structural equation model. The model-fit to the data assessed by various indices [Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation = 0.08 (90% CI: 0.081\u20130.091); Comparative Fit Index = 0.877; Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.866; Akaike\u2019s Information Criterion = 23447.133; Bayesian Information Criterion = 23800.45, and Coefficient of Determination = 0.998] demonstrated acceptable fit.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The refined 29-item Kannada-translated IND-VFQ model not only offers an improved factor structure across four subscales but also consistently demonstrates excellent reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and responsiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1773_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T10:00:26Z","timestamp":1735293626000},"page":"429-436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychometric evaluation and derivation of the Kannada version of the modified (29-item model) Indian Vision Function Assessment Questionnaire"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Soujanya","family":"Kaup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Yenepoya Deemed University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyoshma","family":"Dsouza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belval, Luxembourg, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddharudha","family":"Shivalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheetal","family":"Savur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Yenepoya Deemed University, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidya","family":"Hegde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Yenepoya Deemed University, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-3485.86879","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes: A new era in clinical research","volume":"2","author":"Deshpande","year":"2011","journal-title":"Perspect Clin Res"},{"key":"R3-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2147\/PROM.S162802","article-title":"The use of patient-reported outcome research in modern ophthalmology: Impact on clinical trials and routine clinical practice","volume":"10","author":"Braithwaite","year":"2019","journal-title":"Patient Relat Outcome Meas"},{"key":"R5-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.2.227","article-title":"Identifying the content area for the 51-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire: Results from focus groups with visually impaired persons","volume":"116","author":"Mangione","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R6-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.7.1050","article-title":"Development of the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire","volume":"119","author":"Mangione","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill 1960)"},{"key":"R7-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.047217","article-title":"The development of the Indian vision function questionnaire: Questionnaire content","volume":"89","author":"Murthy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.050732","article-title":"The development of the Indian vision function questionnaire: Field testing and psychometric evaluation","volume":"89","author":"Gupta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R10-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-014-0176-2","article-title":"Sample size used to validate a scale: A review of publications on newly-developed patient reported outcomes measures","volume":"12","author":"Anthoine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Qual. 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