{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:35:53Z","timestamp":1786649753710,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate gender differences in childhood- and adult-onset vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), as well as the variations between these onset groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective, observational study (Jan 2015\u2013Dec 2020). Electronic medical records of VKC patients managed by cornea specialists were analyzed based on their age of onset (&lt;16 years for childhood [C-VKC], &gt;16 years for adult [A-VKC]) and gender.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Out of 1018 VKC patients, 931 had childhood onset and 87 had adult onset. Both groups showed a male predominance; however, it was slightly less in A-VKC, with a mean follow-up of 28.6 \u00b1 36.2 and 25.03 \u00b1 40.3 months in C-VKC and A-VKC, respectively. A family history of allergies was observed only in C-VKC, with no gender differences. Asthma was more common in C-VKC, while skin allergies were more prevalent in A-VKC. Mixed VKC with Grade 4 severity was the most common in both age groups, with no gender differences in C-VKC; however, the limbal variant was more common in females with A-VKC. The proportion of A-VKC and C-VKC patients who developed complications was similar (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value 0.85). However, the C-VKC group had a significantly higher number of patients with multiple complications (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value 0.0076) as well as those requiring surgical intervention (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value 0.02). Keratoconus was the most common complication in both groups, but limbal stem cell deficiency was significantly higher in A-VKC across genders.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adult-onset VKC is a distinct condition with minor differences and a milder course compared to childhood-onset VKC. Notably, there are no significant gender-based differences in its clinical presentation or complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_177_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T09:02:14Z","timestamp":1743325334000},"page":"594-598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Unpacking VKC: How gender and age shape the clinical picture"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CJ Shah Cornea Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhita","family":"Mathimaaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CJ Shah Cornea Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambika","family":"Chandrasekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elite School of Optometry, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varsha B","family":"Chavda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CJ Shah Cornea Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Mugundhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CJ Shah Cornea Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhaskar","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CJ Shah Cornea Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geetha","family":"Iyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CJ Shah Cornea Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murlidhar","family":"Rajagopalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shweta","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CJ Shah Cornea Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.117812","article-title":"Prevalence of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: A rare 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Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R11-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-313988","article-title":"Steroid-induced glaucoma and blindness in vernal keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"104","author":"Senthil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of 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