{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:22:54Z","timestamp":1787844174534,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to describe epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pediatric ocular motor cranial nerve palsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective record-based study, carried out at a tertiary eye care hospital in India, between January 2011 and January 2015 and included patients up to 16 years of age at the time of presentation, diagnosed with third, fourth, sixth nerve palsy or a combination of these with other cranial nerve palsy. Data analyzed included demographic details, etiologies, presence or absence of amblyopia, relevant investigations, and management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 90 cases were included in the study. Eighty patients (88.88%) presented with isolated nerve palsy. Forty-three patients (47.77%) had congenital nerve palsy. The most common nerve involved was third (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 35, 38.88%) followed by sixth (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 23, 25.55%) and fourth nerve (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 22, 24.44%). Most common cause of third and fourth cranial nerve palsy was congenital (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 18, 51.42% and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 17, 77.30%, respectively), while it was trauma for the sixth nerve (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 7, 30.40%). Amblyopia was most frequently associated with third cranial nerve palsy (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 27, 77.14%). The radio-imaging yield was maximum (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 7, 70%) for combined cranial nerve palsy. Overall 44 (48.88%) patients were managed conservatively, while 46 (51.11%) patients needed squint with or without ptosis surgery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The most common ocular motor cranial nerve involved in the pediatric population was the third cranial nerve, and it was found to be the most amblyogenic in this age group. The neuroimaging yield was maximum for combined cranial nerve palsy. The most common conservatively managed nerve palsy in this study group was the fourth nerve palsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1803_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T11:32:28Z","timestamp":1619955148000},"page":"1142-1148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pediatric ocular motor cranial nerve palsy: Demographics and etiological profile"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Sweksha","family":"Priya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Aditya Birla Sankara Nethralaya, Kolkata, (A Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujata","family":"Guha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Aditya Birla Sankara Nethralaya, Kolkata, (A Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Aditya Birla Sankara Nethralaya, Kolkata, (A Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satish","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Aditya Birla Sankara Nethralaya, Kolkata, (A Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Shahid","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Services, Aditya Birla Sankara Nethralaya, Kolkata, (A Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00424-3","article-title":"Pediatric third, fourth, and sixth nerve palsies:A population-based study","volume":"127","author":"Holmes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/01.APO.0000617940.70112.be","article-title":"Acquired ocular motor palsy:Current demographic and etiological profile","volume":"9","author":"Phuljhele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"key":"B3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(80)35280-9","article-title":"Paralytic strabismus in children. 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