{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:23:04Z","timestamp":1790673784811,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An increasing prevalence of dry eye disease in the past decade has resulted in a greater focus on diagnostic methods for this condition. There has been a proliferation of technologies that attempt to quantify various aspects of tear function and ocular surface health. However, a cost-effective, simple, and efficient method remains elusive. In the Indian context, the majority of these patients present to the general ophthalmologist, and a clinical approach that is quick and easy to perform would allow widespread usage for accurate diagnosis. This article reviews currently available methods and their relevance to the general ophthalmologist.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_1804_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T07:18:21Z","timestamp":1654067901000},"page":"1883-1891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Evaluation of ocular surface and tear function - A review of current approaches for dry eye"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Shizuka","family":"Koh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Innovative Visual Science and Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivas K","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Darshan Eye Care and Surgical Centre, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev P","family":"Srinivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Darshan Eye Care and Surgical Centre, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvin L","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251004","first-page":"291","article-title":"The muco-cutaneous junction of the lid margin and the distribution of the tear fluid","volume":"66","author":"Wolff","year":"1946","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"R2-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2014.01.006","article-title":"The precorneal tear film as a fluid shell:The effect of blinking and saccades on tear film distribution and dynamics","volume":"12","author":"Yokoi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"R3-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000131066","article-title":"The normal tear film","volume":"41","author":"Tiffany","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R4-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70086-1","article-title":"Research in dry eye:Report of the research Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye Workshop in:Report of the International Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS)","volume":"5","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"R5-20251004","first-page":"67","article-title":"Report of the International Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS)","volume":"5","year":"2007","journal-title":"dOcul Surf"},{"key":"R6-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-120710-101042","article-title":"Dynamics of the tear film","volume":"44","author":"Braun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Fluid Mech"},{"key":"R7-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3283645899","article-title":"The ocular surface epithelial barrier and other mechanisms of mucosal protection","volume":"13","author":"Mantelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R8-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1654","article-title":"Relationships between central tear film thickness and tear menisci of the upper and lower eyelids","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R9-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0915","article-title":"The relative burden of dry eye in patients'lives:Comparisons to a U.S. normative sample","volume":"46","author":"Mertzanis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R10-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1407936","article-title":"Dry eye","volume":"378","author":"Clayton","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R11-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000133997.07144.9e","article-title":"The lack of association between signs and symptoms in patients with dry eye disease","volume":"23","author":"Nichols","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"R12-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30125-0","article-title":"Relation between signs and symptoms of dry eye in the elderly. 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