{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T15:35:19Z","timestamp":1794065719355,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a clinical need for a cost-effective, reliable, easy-to-use, and portable retinal photography. The use of smartphone fundus photography for documentation of retinal changes in resource-limited settings, where retinal imaging was not previously possible, is studied here. The introduction of smartphone-based retinal imaging has resulted in the increase in available technologies for fundus photography. On account of the cost, fundus cameras are not readily available in ophthalmic practice in developing countries. Because smartphones are readily available, easy to use, and also portable, they present a low-cost alternative method in resource-limited settings. The aim is to explore the use of smartphones (iphones) for retinal imaging in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A smartphone (iphone) was used to acquire retinal images with the use of +20 D lens in patients with dilated pupils by activating the video mode of the camera.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clear retinal images were obtained in different clinical conditions in adults and children, including branch retinal vein occlusion with fibro-vascular proliferation, choroidal neo-vascular membranes, presumed ocular toxoplasmosis, diabetic retinopathy, retinoblastoma, ocular albinism, and hypertensive retinopathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>New inexpensive, portable, easy-to-operate cameras have revolutionized retinal imaging and screening programs and play an innovative role in research, education, and information sharing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2077_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T03:01:11Z","timestamp":1684292471000},"page":"2008-2013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Smartphone for retinal imaging \u2013 Case series in resource-limited rural settings"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"71","author":[{"family":"Vishwanath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, JJM Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak T","family":"Swamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, JJM Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daneshwari S","family":"Gaddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, JJM Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251006","first-page":"1","article-title":"Smartphone based fundus camera for the diagnosis of retinal diseases","volume":"19","author":"Monjur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Health 100177"},{"key":"R2-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2018.09.016","article-title":"Sensitivity and Specificity of smartphone- Based Retinal Imaging for Diabetic Retinopathy: A comparative study","volume":"3","author":"Sengupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"R3-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-020-03587-2","article-title":"Comparison of smartphone-based retinal imaging systems for diabetic retinopathy detection using deep learning","volume":"21","author":"Karakaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"R4-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.7.5.21","article-title":"Asmartphone \u2013based too for Rapid, portable and automated wide- field retinal imaging","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"R5-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.143949","article-title":"Fundus imaging with a mobile phone: A review of techniques","volume":"62","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R6-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2015.0068","article-title":"Fundus photography in the 21st century- A review of recent technological advances and their implications for worldwide healthcare","volume":"22","author":"Panwar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"key":"R7-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.201428","article-title":"Retinal imaging with smartphone","volume":"20","author":"Ademola-Popoola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"R8-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20150610-06","article-title":"Quality and diagnostic utility of mydriatic smartphone photography: The smartphone ophthalmoscopy reliability trial","volume":"46","author":"Adam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"R9-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.11.008","article-title":"Comparison of smartphone ophthalmoscopy with slit-lamp biomicroscopy for grading diabetic retinopathy","volume":"159","author":"Russo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R10-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.17216","article-title":"Development and validation of deep learning algorithm for detection of diabetic retinopathy in retinal fundus photographs","volume":"316","author":"Gulshan","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2077_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:58:36Z","timestamp":1786647516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2077_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2077_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-08-26","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-31","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}