{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T00:11:54Z","timestamp":1793664714433,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With increasing environmental pollution, the incidence of allergic conjunctivitis is increasing. Newer anti-allergic medications with combined anti-histaminic and mast cell stabilization action can help reducing the use of topical steroids for milder form of disease. There is no study directly comparing olopatadine (0.1%), bepotastine (1.5%), and alcaftadine (0.25%) for mild to moderate allergic conjunctivitis cases. Hence, we decided to methodically study the efficacy of three topical medications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective, observer-masked clinical trial enrolled 45 patients with 15 patients in each of the three groups. Patients with mild to moderate allergic conjunctivitis were sequentially assigned to respective groups, and relief of symptoms and signs were noted upto 1-month follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All three topical medications faired almost equally in resolving symptoms of the patients with mild to moderate allergic conjunctivitis, and most of them reported complete relief after 1 week of use of medication. Few cases with limbal or palpebral papillae reported symptomatic relief after use of medication, but the resolution of these signs was not noted in all three groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We concluded similar efficacy of three medications in relieving symptoms and inefficacy in regressing palpebral and limbal papillae in cases of allergic conjunctivitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2112_18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T03:09:46Z","timestamp":1566788986000},"page":"1400-1404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Observer-masked trial comparing efficacy of topical olopatadine (0.1%), bepotastine (1.5%), and alcaftadine (0.25%) in mild to moderate allergic conjunctivitis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Lakshey","family":"Dudeja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Consultant, Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Aravind Eye Hospital, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuja","family":"Janakiraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Consultant, Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Aravind Eye Hospital, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishani","family":"Dudeja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprhensive Ophthalmology Fellow, Aravind Eye Hospital, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaustubh","family":"Sane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fellow in the Department of Cornea, Aravind Eye Hospital, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manohar","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chief Medical Officer, Aravind Eye Hospital, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320110240S409","article-title":"Gene-environment interactions in childhood asthma","volume":"24","author":"Rigoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"R2-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(87)80010-6","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in allergen skin test reactivity in a community population sample","volume":"79","author":"Barbee","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R3-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2003.00161.x","article-title":"Are asthma and allergies in children and adolescents increasing. Results from ISAAC phase I and phase III surveys in Munster, Germany","volume":"58","author":"Maziak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"R4-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2003.1484","article-title":"Is the prevalence of adult asthma and allergic rhinitis still increasing. Results of an Italian study","volume":"111","author":"Verlato","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R5-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2007.28.2954","article-title":"Atopic disease, immune system, and the environment","volume":"28","author":"Leonardi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"key":"R6-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(05)80033-8","article-title":"Allergic and immunologic disorders of the eye","volume":"86","author":"Bielory","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R7-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3282ef8674","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of ocular allergy: A schematic approach to different clinical entities","volume":"7","author":"Leonardi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R8-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-002-0061-7","article-title":"The central role of conjunctival mast cells in thepathogenesis of ocular allergy","volume":"2","author":"Leonardi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"R9-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-200343010-00007","article-title":"Vernal keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"43","author":"Leonardi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"key":"R10-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700675","article-title":"Vernal keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"18","author":"Bonini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R11-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2004.00570.x","article-title":"Atopic keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"59","author":"Bonini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"R12-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00368.x","article-title":"Rapid onset of action of levocabastine eye-drops in histamine-induced conjunctivitis","volume":"23","author":"Stokes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"R13-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02854842","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% andlevocabastine 0.05%: A multicenter comparison in patients with seasonalallergic conjunctivitis","volume":"17","author":"Donshik","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"R14-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71128-6","article-title":"A controlled evaluation of the efficacy and safety of loteprednoletabonate in the prophylactic treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Loteprednol Allergic Conjunctivitis Study Group","volume":"123","author":"Dell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R15-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(98)70094-6","article-title":"A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled parallel study of 0.2% loteprednoletabonate in patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"102","author":"Dell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R16-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2174\/187221311794474883","article-title":"Recent patents and emerging therapeutics in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"5","author":"Mishra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov"},{"key":"R17-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000001","article-title":"Topical tacrolimus 0.03% as sole therapy in vernal keratoconjunctivitis: A randomized double-masked study","volume":"40","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"R18-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S38671","article-title":"A multicenter evaluation of the efficacy and duration of action of alcaftadine 0.25% and olopatadine 0.2% in the conjunctival allergen challenge model","volume":"6","author":"Ackerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"R19-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AB278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.12.986","article-title":"Alcaftadine 0.25% versus olopatadine 0.2% in prevention of ocular itching in allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"133","author":"McLaurin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy ClinImmunol"},{"key":"R20-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S35431","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of bepotastinebesilate 1.5% ophthalmic solution versus olopatadine hydrochloride 0.2% ophthalmic solution evaluated by patient preference","volume":"6","author":"McCabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R21-20251013","first-page":"87","article-title":"Evaluation of alcaftadine 0.25% ophthalmic solution in acute allergic conjunctivitis at 15 minutes and 16 hours after instillation versus placebo and olopatadine 0.1%","volume":"5","author":"Greiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R22-20251013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-014-0155-3","article-title":"Ocular itch relief with alcaftadine 0.25% versus olopatadine 0.2% in allergic conjunctivitis: Pooled analysis of two multicenter randomized clinical trials","volume":"31","author":"McLaurin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"R23-20251013","first-page":"1495","article-title":"Treatment of allergic conjunctivitis with bepotastinebesilate ophthalmic solution 1.5%","volume":"8","author":"Bergmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R24-20251013","first-page":"77","article-title":"Comparison of effects of alcaftadine and olopatadine on conjunctival epithelium and eosinophil recruitment in a murine model of allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"5","author":"Ono","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2112_18","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:31:06Z","timestamp":1787758266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2112_18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2112_18","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-12-23","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-04-25","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}