{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:46:48Z","timestamp":1792633608822,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The health of the ocular surface is vital for clear vision and comfort. Various factors can adversely influence the ocular surface and tear film homeostasis, and these include procedures like cataract and corneal refractive surgery. It is, therefore, important to assess the integrity of the ocular surface in a rapid, predictable, and consistent manner in the clinic. Various tests and devices have been described, and while these are useful, this article highlights the importance of using fluorescein staining of the ocular surface in detecting changes. This is a simple, inexpensive, rapidly performed test that is available in most eye clinics. However, a proper technique of dye instillation and assessment is important to recognize the changes that can occur. Once detected, these changes can be quantified, and the location and patterns can be used to diagnose the diseases that are present; these changes can also be used to monitor treatment outcomes and disease progression. The article discusses the technique, assessment, and interpretation of fluorescein staining of the ocular surface, along with the role of the two other vital dyes \u2013 rose bengal and lissamine green.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2137_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]],"date-time":"2023-04-08T11:10:52Z","timestamp":1680952252000},"page":"1080-1089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Ocular surface staining: Current concepts and techniques"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Sanjeev P","family":"Srinivas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant Cataract Cornea and Refractive Services, Darshan Eye Care, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivas K","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant Cataract Cornea and Refractive Services, Darshan Eye Care, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4390","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0770","article-title":"The ocular surface:The challenge to enable and protect vision","volume":"48","author":"Gipson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1962.tb02387.x","article-title":"Vital staining of cornea and conjunctiva","volume":"40","author":"Norn","year":"1962","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"R3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080190090035","article-title":"What is actually stained by rose Bengal?","volume":"110","author":"Feenstra","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S1496","article-title":"The challenge of dry eye diagnosis","volume":"2","author":"Savini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1989.65","article-title":"Corneal epithelial cell movement in humans","volume":"3","author":"Lemp","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R6-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00054-X","article-title":"Tight junction-related protein expression and distribution in human corneal epithelium","volume":"76","author":"Ban","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"R7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.10.001","article-title":"Clinical staining of the ocular surface. 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