{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:34:07Z","timestamp":1786649647126,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Visual snow syndrome is a debilitating neurological condition. A comprehensive eye examination may not detect any abnormalities in this condition. Presently the condition is recognized only through the history elicited. Hence, it becomes important to understand the presenting complaints and profile of these patients. A retrospective study at a tertiary eye care center was undertaken to achieve this goal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electronic medical records of patients presenting to a Binocular Vision and Orthoptics clinic were reviewed. Records of the patients containing keywords such as \u201clight sensitivity, shadowing, visual snow, multiple images, and night vision\u201d were retrieved and inspected. Those matching the diagnostic criteria of visual snow syndrome were included in the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 33 patients (average age \u00b1 standard deviation: 29.7 \u00b1 9.8 years) were identified. Majority of the patients were males (69%). All the patients had logMAR visual acuity 0 or better in each eye. The most prominent (84.4%) presenting symptom was palinopsia (or afterimage or trailing). About 34.4% complained of floaters (including snow-like appearance). More than half (54.6%) of the patients also had binocular dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Visual snow syndrome is a relatively new condition on the rise, with unclear pathology. The symptoms of this condition can easily be confused with regular floaters or black spots seen in vitreous and retinal pathologies. In the absence of such pathology, an elaborate history should be elicited, and the distress of the patient should be acknowledged. The patient should also be reassured that this is not a blinding condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2180_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T05:00:30Z","timestamp":1702616430000},"page":"211-216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Understanding visual snow syndrome: A retrospective study from a tertiary eye care center"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"PremNandhini","family":"Satgunam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiruthika","family":"Kannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Diseases, Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amithavikram R","family":"Hathibelagal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000523","article-title":"Visual snow syndrome: What we know so far","volume":"31","author":"Puledda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"R2-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14436","article-title":"Visual snow syndrome: Is it normal or a disorder-and what to do with patients","volume":"27","author":"Schankin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J 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distinct from persistent migraine aura","volume":"137","author":"Schankin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R7-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0854-2","article-title":"Visual snow syndrome: Proposed criteria, clinical implications, and pathophysiology","volume":"18","author":"Metzler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"R8-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-318653","article-title":"Evaluation of treatment response and symptom progression in 400 patients with visual snow syndrome","volume":"106","author":"Puledda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.999336","article-title":"The efficacy of neuro-optometric visual rehabilitation therapy in patients with visual snow syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Tsang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R10-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14150","article-title":"Prevalence of visual snow syndrome in the UK","volume":"27","author":"Kondziella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R11-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.12.001","article-title":"Visual snow: A thalamocortical dysrhythmia of the visual pathway?","volume":"28","author":"Lauschke","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R12-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003784","article-title":"Behavioral measures of cortical hyperexcitability assessed in people who experience visual snow","volume":"88","author":"McKendrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R13-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e398","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007825","article-title":"Treatment effects and comorbid diseases in 58 patients with visual snow","volume":"93","author":"van Dongen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R14-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008909","article-title":"Visual snow syndrome: A clinical and phenotypical description of 1,100 cases","volume":"94","author":"Puledda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R15-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2056_22","article-title":"The 20\/20\/20 rule: Practicing pattern and associations with asthenopic symptoms","volume":"71","author":"Datta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of 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History"}},{"value":"2023-05-16","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}