{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:22:13Z","timestamp":1787775733177,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n To assess the proportion of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and sight-threatening DR (STDR) and associated risk factors in select eye-care facilities across India.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n In this observational study, data of people with T2DM presenting for the first time at the retina clinic of eye-care facilities across India was recorded. Data collected in 2016 over 6 months included information on systemic, clinical, and ocular parameters. International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy (ICDR) classification scale was used to grade DR. STDR was defined as presence of severe nonproliferative (NPDR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and\/or diabetic macular edema (DME).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The analysis included 11,182 people with T2DM from 14 eye-care facilities (mean age 58.2 \u00b1 10.6 years; mean duration of diabetes 9.1 \u00b1 7.6 years; 59.2% male). The age-standardized proportion of DR was 32.3% (95%Confidence Interval, CI: 31.4-33.2) and STDR was 19.1% (95%CI: 18.4-19.8). DME was diagnosed in 9.1% (95%CI: 8.5-9.6) and 10.7% (95%CI: 10.1-11.3) people had PDR. Statistically significant factors associated with increased risk of DR (by multivariate logistic regression analysis) were: male gender (Odds ratio[OR] 1.57, 95%CI: 1.16-2.15); poor glycemic control\u2013glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c >10%)(OR 2.39, 95% CI: 1.1-5.22); requirement of insulin (OR 2.55, 95%CI: 1.8-3.6);history of hypertension (OR 1.42, 95%CI: 1.06-1.88) and duration of diabetes >15 years (OR 5.25, 95%CI: 3.01-9.15).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n Diabetic retinopathy was prevalent in 1\/3\n rd<\/jats:sup>\n and sight-threatening DR in 1\/5\n th<\/jats:sup>\n of people with T2DM presenting at eye-care facilities in this pan-India facility-based study. The duration of diabetes was the strongest predictor for retinopathy.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_21_19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T05:03:16Z","timestamp":1579150996000},"page":"S21-S26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Spectrum of eye disorders in diabetes (SPEED) in India. Report # 2. Diabetic retinopathy and risk factors for sight threatening diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes in India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Ramachandran","family":"Rajalakshmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre and Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umesh C","family":"Behera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vitreo-Retina, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harsha","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vitreo-Retina, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taraprasad","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vitreo-Retina, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G V S","family":"Murthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hira B","family":"Pant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajan","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the SPEED Study group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.03.024","article-title":"IDF diabetes atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040","volume":"128","author":"Ogurtsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"R2-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1909","article-title":"Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"35","author":"Yau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R3-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1984.01040030405011","article-title":"The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy III Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years","volume":"102","author":"Klein","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R4-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00309-2","article-title":"ETDRS research group: Causes of severe visual loss in the early treatment diabetic retinopathy study ETDRS Report No 24","volume":"127","author":"Fong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5","article-title":"Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990-2020: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Flaxman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"R7-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2291-5","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and\/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural India: Phase I results of the Indian council of medical research-India diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study","volume":"54","author":"Anjana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"R8-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.8.937","article-title":"Population based assessment of diabetic retinopathy in an urban population in Southern India","volume":"83","author":"Dandona","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.9.1014","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy among self reported diabetics in Southern India: A population based assessment","volume":"86","author":"Narendran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R10-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0019","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in urban India: The Chennai urban rural epidemiology study (CURES) eye study, I","volume":"46","author":"Rema","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R11-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.09.010","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in India: Sankara Nethralaya diabetic retinopathy epidemiology and molecular genetics study report 2","volume":"116","author":"Raman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R12-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.147934","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: A population-based assessment from Theni District, South India","volume":"85","author":"Namperumalsamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"R13-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2013.867509","article-title":"Aditya Jyot-diabetic retinopathy in urban Mumbai slums study (AJ-DRUMSS): Study design and methodology - report 1","volume":"21","author":"Sunita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"R14-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00475-5","article-title":"Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales","volume":"110","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R15-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(96)01327-7","article-title":"Prevalence of retinopathy in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus at a diabetes centre in southern India","volume":"34","author":"Rema","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"R16-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000005","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2013-000005","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in rural India. Sankara Nethralaya diabetic retinopathy epidemiology and molecular genetic study III (SN-DREAMS III), report no 2","volume":"2","author":"Raman","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"R17-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296814525029","article-title":"Tele-diabetology to screen for diabetes and associated complications in rural India: The Chunampet rural diabetes prevention project model","volume":"8","author":"Mohan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"R18-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.178144","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy India: The all India ophthalmological society diabetic retinopathy eye screening study 2014","volume":"64","author":"Gadkari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R19-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.8.902","article-title":"Management of diabetic retinopathy: A systemic review","volume":"298","author":"Mohamed","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R20-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2008.02423.x","article-title":"Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in a South Indian type 2 diabetic population--the Chennai urban rural epidemiology study (CURES) eye study 4","volume":"25","author":"Pradeepa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"R21-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2013.12.008","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in Asian Indians with young onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Rajalakshmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"R22-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.178146","article-title":"Does tight control of systemic factors help in the management of diabetic retinopathy?","volume":"64","author":"Rajalakshmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R23-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1159\/000314720","article-title":"Is prevalence of retinopathy related to the age of onset of diabetes. Sankara Nethralaya diabetic retinopathy epidemiology and molecular genetic report no 5?","volume":"45","author":"Raman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"R24-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.6.1831","article-title":"Developing a screening program to detect sight threatening retinopathy in south India","volume":"26","author":"Namperumalswamy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R25-20250506","first-page":"S59","article-title":"Strengthening diabetes retinopathy services in India: Qualitative insights into providers' perspectives: The India 11-city 9-state study","volume":"20","author":"Kannuri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_21_19","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:40:51Z","timestamp":1787773251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_21_19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_21_19","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-01-04","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-08-13","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}