{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:50:33Z","timestamp":1789674633586,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The incidence of leishmaniasis is reported to be up to 1 million per year. To date, there has been no comprehensive review describing the diversity of clinical presentations of ocular leishmaniasis (OL) and its treatment. This systematic review aims to address this knowledge gap and provide a summary of the clinical presentation, natural course, and treatment options for OL. Our study identified a total of 57 published articles as describing cases of OL involving: adnexa (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 26), orbit (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1), retina (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 7), uvea (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 18) and cornea (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 6). Though well described and easily treated, palpebral leishmaniasis is often misdiagnosed and may lead to chronic issues if untreated. The retinal manifestations of Leishmaniasis consist of self-resolving hemorrhages secondary to thrombocytopenia. Two main uveitis etiologies have been identified: uveitis in the context of active Leishmanial infection (associated with immunosuppression) and uveitis occurring as an immune reconstitution syndrome. Corneal involvement in most geographic areas generally follows an aggressive course, most often ending in corneal perforation if left untreated. In the Americas, a chronic indolent interstitial keratitis may also occur. Topical steroids are of little use in keratitis (systemic antileishmanials being the cornerstone of treatment). However, these are essential in cases of uveitis, with or without concomitant systemic antileishmanial therapy. In conclusion, though ocular involvement in Leishmaniasis is rare, severe sight-threatening consequences follow if left untreated. Early diagnosis, enthusiastic follow-up and aggressive treatment are essential for good outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2232_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T11:32:28Z","timestamp":1619955148000},"page":"1052-1060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Ocular Leishmaniasis - A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Mignot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, NHS Grampian, Foresterhill, Aberdeen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yagnaseni","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, NHS Grampian, Foresterhill, 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