{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:06:45Z","timestamp":1790730405788,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the severity of glaucoma and its worsening using Spaeth\/Richman contrast sensitivity (SPARCS). To evaluate its correlation with retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL) and perimetry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective observational study, 90 eyes of primary open-angle glaucoma were categorized into mild, moderate, and severe glaucoma (30 each). All eyes were subjected to contrast sensitivity measurements by using the Pelli-Robson (PR) chart and SPARCS, Humphrey automated perimetry, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) RNFL, along with routine ophthalmological evaluation at baseline. Contrast sensitivity was repeated at 1, 3, and 6 months. Other investigations were repeated at 6 months. The correlation between contrast sensitivity and other parameters was analyzed at baseline and 6 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Total SPARCS showed a significant positive correlation with visual field index, pattern standard deviation, mean deviation, OCT RNFL, and a negative correlation with best corrected visual acuity. Central SPARCS and PR scores exhibited strong positive correlations. Both total and quadrantic SPARCS significantly reduced from mild to moderate to severe glaucoma. The quadrant-wise SPARCS also correlated well with opposite-side RNFL thickness. At 6 months, SPARCS showed a significant reduction along with RNFL measurements preceding any significant changes in visual field parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study establishes SPARCS as a reliable and reproducible tool in assessing the deterioration of visual function in glaucoma patients even before significant perimetric changes. The specific relationship of quadrantic SPARCS with opposite-side RNFL is a novel yet expected finding. The findings advocate integrating SPARCS into routine glaucoma assessment for timely detection of any worsening and prompt intervention, improving the visual outcomes in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2289_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T11:01:11Z","timestamp":1716202871000},"page":"S282-S286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of glaucoma severity and deterioration by using Spaeth\/Richman contrast sensitivity (SPARCS) and its correlation with retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and perimetry"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Shihail","family":"Jinna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavita R","family":"Bhatnagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirti","family":"Jaisingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Shakrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Meena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70113-X","article-title":"Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990-2010: A systematic analysis","volume":"1","author":"Bourne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"R2-20250221","first-page":"516","article-title":"Spectral sensitivity and color discrimination changes in glaucoma and glaucoma-suspect patients","volume":"23","author":"Adams","year":"1982","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R3-20250221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.04.004","article-title":"Functional assessment of glaucoma: Uncovering progression","volume":"65","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R4-20250221","first-page":"12","article-title":"Assessing glaucoma deterioration using Spaeth\/Richman contrast sensitivity test","volume":"28","author":"Ichhpujani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther Adv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-20250221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.13.39","article-title":"Spaeth\/Richman contrast sensitivity in staging glaucoma","volume":"9","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"R6-20250221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305223","article-title":"The Spaeth\/Richman contrast sensitivity test (SPARCS): Design, reproducibility and ability to identify patients with glaucoma","volume":"99","author":"Richman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R7-20250221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315273","article-title":"Evaluation of contrast sensitivity in patients with advanced glaucoma: Comparison of two tests","volume":"104","author":"Jammal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-20250221","first-page":"443","article-title":"Correlation of contrast sensitivity with the severity of primary open angle glaucoma","volume":"4","author":"Jha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-20250221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0099-y","article-title":"Assessment of contrast sensitivity by Spaeth Richman contrast sensitivity test and Pelli Robson chart test in patients with varying severity of glaucoma","volume":"32","author":"Thakur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R10-20250221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090060119035","article-title":"The lens opacities classification system III. 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